106 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Memoirs National 



[vol. xxm, 



Verbs which include sni in the theme form a negation by the usual process of suffixing sni. 



'iye sni to be dumb; — ma'riisni to be lame; — si'cesni not to be spoiled; — hpeca'sni to be lively (hpa 

 lying down); — spu'kesni to be a nuisance 



Double negative also expresses repetition. 



wica'lasnihiike c'e'yas 'e'yayapi although he frequently demurred they took him along; — ' ec'% snisniyq 

 'e'iuwe' he looked away repeatedly (ec'i' to want, ec'i'kesni to be disinclined) 



Also with indefinite pronouns: taku'snisni trifles; tuwe'snisni anyone whoever it may be. 



tase' — ka a strong negation: 



tase'm.ni'kte ca I am not going to go (an absolute refusal) ; — tase' he'c'etu ka that is not the way!; — tase' 

 he'c'el wac'i'ka I do not want it like that! 



Men preface tase' often by the exclamation oh or hoh, women by hiya no. In a simple 

 answer hiya' is accented. 



§ 142. sna USUALLY 



sna is used adverbially. It does not change terminal a to e. waa'p l asna oma'ni he goes 

 about striking people. It is more idiomatic to attach it to adverbs, particularly those derived 

 from demonstratives or indefinite adverbs. 



'eya sna waa'p'a 'oma'ni' well, he always goes about striking people; — ta'ku wac'i' c'qsna wala" whenever 

 I want anything, it being so always I ask for it; — tohq'l ku c'qsna 'ut'e" when he conies home that 

 being so always he shoots (whenever he comes home he shoots) ; — le'c'esna 'ec'a'mij, s'a in this man- 

 ner I usually doit; — he'lsna way," there I usually stay; — tukte'lsna waya'ta he? where as a rule do 

 you eat? 



The following series are all idomatic and the sna merely emphasizes various aspects: 



le' c'iyatqhqsna 'ece' t'oke'ya pusya' 'iye'waye' on this side regularly exclusively first I dry it; le'c'iyatqhq 

 'ece' sna t'oke'ya pusya' 'iye'waye' on this side exclusively regularly first I dry it; le'c'iyatqhq 'ece' 

 t'oke'yasna pusya' 'iye'waye' on this side exclusively first regularly I dry it; le' c'iyatqhq 'ece' t'oke'ya 

 pusya' sna 'iye'waye' on this side exclusively first I dry it regularly 



In other words sna adds the idea of regular action to the word it immediately follows. 



§ 143. s'a REGULARLY, HABITUALLY 



s'a changes terminal a of the verb to which it is attached, when changeable, to e. The a 

 of s'a is not changeable (ece' Y ece' or ce' S do not change terminal a) 



he'c'ti s'a he did that regularly 145.3, 277.1 

 he'c'i t'e'hqhq 'u' s'a there he used to stay a long time 232.12 

 'o'we hq'hqpila s'a they make jokes regularly 27.5 

 'oya'kapi s'a they tell it habitually 216.17 



§ 144. QUOTATIVE 



1. Statements known by hearsay are indicated by sk'a', terminally sk'e". (For sk'a although, 



see p. 175, note 93.) 



'eya' sk'e" he said, it is said 1.6 



'ini'lahci hi'yotaka sk'e" very quietly she came and sat down, it is said 64.7 



Sometimes ke", probably derived from ke'ya' "thus he said," is used instead of sk'e". 



c'i'sni ke" he would not, it is said 9.2 

 'eya' ke" he said, it is said 65.13 



2. When the statement or thought of a definite person is quoted, the quotation may end 

 with lo (le), ye, c'e or k'y,. The first is used for the present or future; the second for an obligatory 

 future; the third for the past. The glottal stop is not used at the end of the quotation, c'e 





