Academy of Sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 107 



is also used in formal speeches when the future is determinate; it also designates something 

 unescapable on account of supernatural sanctions. 



yi'kta c'e 'eye", "he shall go," he said; — wic'a'sa k\ le' zuya' yi'kta c'e, 'eye" "this man shall go to war," 

 he said; — c'u,ks, le' nif.'kta c'e, 'ate' 'eyi' nq sina wq waste' maka'g.W "daughter, you shall wear this," 

 father said and brought for rne a beautiful blanket; — m.n\ ktesni c'e 'ep'e' c\ I say, "I am not going" 

 (so why do you pester me, see p. 15S) ; — h\hqna k\hq huka yapi t'isya' hiyo'take c\hq, t'qka'n 'ina'- 

 wap'ikta c'e, 'eya" "tomorrow when the sun (ceremonial term) when it firmly arrives sitting down, 

 outside I shall step," he said (Santee). 



k'% expresses the past. It is the past article. (See p. 133.) 



'ehq'ni 'iya'ye c'%, 'eye" "long ago he started," he said; — 'iya'ye c'u,, 'eye" "he has gone," he said; — 

 nawa'te k% he'l mi's maivq'k'ala k'%, 'eye' "my temples there I have (always) been weak" 26.7; — 

 'iyu'kcq ivaku k'%, 'eye" "thinking of it I came," he said; — le' e' k'% 'eye' "this is he," she said; — 

 ka'k'i m.ni'kte c\, eya" "I am or was about to go there," he said 



'ec'i' to think, may be used with the same forms, but the sentences in c'e must be determinate. 



'ehq'ni 'iya'ye c'u,, 'ec'i" "long ago he started," he thought; — yewi' c'awayi' kta c'e 'ec'i" "I shall make 

 them go" he thought; but not wic'a'sa k{ zuya' yi'kta c'e, 'ec'i' "the man shall go to war," he thought, 

 (because it might happen that he refuses). On the other hand m.ni'kta c'e, 'ec'i" "I'll go," he 

 thought, is possible 



In other verbs that might be used with a quotative 'eya' is always used, p. e., wic'a'sa k\ 

 lena' zuya' 'a'yikta c'e, 'eya'-yustq" "these men shall go to war," he said finished, i.e., "he decided." 



3. When expressing one's own thoughts, in remarks not requiring an answer, or in a remark 

 expressing thoughts in soliloquy the terminal particle ke is used. 



('it'o') ka'ki b.la' ke ('ec'q'mi) (well,) there I'll go (I think). 

 'it'o' wo'wak'u ke, 'ec'i'pi well, I'll give him food, they thought 



When 'ec'i' is n °t used, the e of ke is lengthened with falling tone. 



§ 145. lei TAKE CARE LEST! (S k\, nyce') 



he'c'% s'a ke c\ niya'ye ci lo' she always does somewhat that way, take care lest you let her live {niya' 



to cause to live) 145.3 

 wani'c'ihy, ki lo' take care lest you cut yourself! 

 niya' Make ci lo take care lest he bite you! 



Compare: 



ayu'stq yo'l wani' c' ihuktc stop! you will cut yourself! 



mi'la k% he' 'iya'cu hq'tqhqs want ' c 'ihukte se'ce lo' if you take the knife you will cut yourself it is probable 



§ 146. ke' RIDICULING 



'eya' ke" that is what you say! lit. that is what he says 

 he'c'14 ke" that is what you do! (lit. 3d person) 



This may be contracted from ke'ya' he said that. 



§ 147. s'e AS THOUGH 



s'e is used adverbially. It changes terminal a of the verb to which it is attached, when 

 changeable, to e. 



c'q' yusna'pi s'e 'iha'kap hina'p'e' as though rustling trees were following him he ran out 276.16 



mi'yog.las'i hiyu'yapi s'e like flashes being sent 209.17 



c'qg.le'ska s'e 'iyqka ke' like a hoop he lay, it is said 215.15 



t'at'qka s'e le'c'eca like a buffalo bull this was 217.6 



site' nak'a'p yeki'ye s'e 'iya'ya the tail as though kicking her own she started off 189.5 



he'l tqyq s'e le'c'eca there as though it was good this was 194.1 



