108 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MDMOI rvo? A xxni 



[Vol. XXIII, 



§ 148. ADVERSATIVE s 



The terminal s is primarily an adversative element, often only with emphatic meaning. It 

 occurs with pronouns and many adverbial and conjunctival elements. With personal pronouns, 

 it always requires a precedent, the opposite of what is to be emphasized. 



With pronouns: 



mi's-'eya' I also 2.9, 236.10 



'i's-'eya' he also 43.2 



ho', ni's nitu' we huwo'f well, now you, who are you? 29.1 



ho' ikto\ ni's hehq'tu we lo' well, Ikto, you are next! 34.5 



mi's miye' k{ mak'i'li ye lo' but I, the one who is I, am all right 40.1 



miye's I at least, synonym of miye'k'es (mi-e'k'es) 29.10 



ig.la'tqhe lo' ; miye'ka ye' s hep'e'sni k\ he is boasting; even I do not say that! 



With adverbs and conjunctions: 



wana' s now indeed 27.15; — 'ak'e's again indeed 25.1; — le' s here indeed 27.2; — to'k'enis in no wise 29.13; — 

 'a'tayas at all indeed 51.9; — nqs and indeed 186.11, 187.1; — tok'a's perhaps (it being indeed some- 

 how) 26.5; hqb.le'b.les extraordinarily (from hqb.le' to seek a vision) 



niya'te t'a' c'as wana' huhu' 'oka'b.lelya yqke' c\ your father is dead, so indeed now his bones being scat- 

 tered he lies 16.9 (see also 27.8) 



'i'se' lehq'l ni' \' yu'k'q's 'ani'lowqpi k'o'kia tk'a' ye' really up to now alive (if) he existed, then, indeed, 

 they would even sing over you 15.8 (see § 165, p. 147) 



he'hq'nis mat'i'kta tk'a' k'e'yas wak'q'yela lehq' wahi" at that time indeed I should have died, but miracu- 

 lously up to this time I arrived (live) 



wana' nake's 'iya'ya now certainly indeed he went away 22.13 



'e's literally: but it is it; giving emphasis to the contrast between an expected event and an 

 actual occurrence; therefore often "instead" (see p. 159): 



le ' cel-yau?ke c\ 'e's taku'hci kfoya'kip^e se'ce lo' you the one who exists this way (contrary to expecta- 

 tion), you probably fear something 3.8; — 'e's to'k how about it? (unexpectedly what?) 26.5; — 'e's 

 wana niya te tqyq a ya he? (although hardly to be expected) is your father now getting well?; — 

 he' 'e's wqb.la'ke' that much I saw; — he's k'ola'waye se'ce 'u' but he seemed to be my friend! — 

 fqka'l 'e's ska' ta' instead (of indoors) play out-of-doors!; — he'c'el 'e's instead of being thus 22.16; — 

 itu ka ye s anyway instead 66.19; — mat a peh q ye s k'o ahi huni even toads also arrived 73.2; — 

 wo'yute ye s to'k'a-iwa'g.nisni I cannot even get food 34.16 



'e's 'e's anyway: 



'e's 'e's wo ' wazazakta-iye'hqtn c'a e'na k'es maki'kte anyway it is time for me to wash, it being so I'll just 

 stay home; — tok'\ s-'es 'e's heya' c*a 'ec K d mykte according to my wish he said it and so I'll do it ' 



Unaccented 'es expresses a weak emphasis, like German "doch" 



'ec l e'l ('es) 'e 'wic^aktuzapi so they forgot them 9.10; — he'c'el ('es) c'i'sni s'a k'-q that way she did not 

 want 46.5; — he c l el ( es) wo tesni- this he did not eat 22.16; — t*i ma'hel ('es) k'igle ' he went back 

 into the house 



he c'el 'es is often contracted to he'c^es 1.1; 30.1; 77.6; — with plural pi-'es^pes: 'awi'c'ap' apes even when 

 they struck them; — 'i s-'es-'ekel-'es by the way 



Various uses: 



c'e's at end of a statement, though 22.10; who knows! to'k'i ni'kle ca c'e's where you will go, who knows! 



t'o'wa's le' wag .lu stqkta tk'a' I really wanted to finish this first 



'e's to'k, misv£ tok'a's tukte'l niwq'k'ala se'ce how about it, little brother, in some way indeed some- 

 where you may be weak 26.5 



ta'ku waste' k'es ihqkyapi k\ something good but regularly they destroy it 23.8 



lec'a's just a moment ago (see § 155, no. 29, p. 121) 



lec'a'las t'e' c'% having died just now 13.7 



'eyas t'a'hca p'a' k\ li'la kap'o'zela as is well known indeed, a deer's head is very light 28.12 



hq'tqhqs if that should happen, then 12.6, 8 



'eha's to'k'el ec'ii'kta t'qi'sni' that was too much! how he would act was not clear 23.4 



kinas ina'-t'oka^p'a k\ kic'i' le'snif In that case, with my eldest mother's sister, will you not go along? 

 9.1 



1 tok'f'i, see optative, p. 111. 



