Academy of Sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 109 



he'c'es a general introductory particle used in tales 30.1 



tk'a's wana' wac'o'k'i nq wapa'snq k'% henn' iyu'ha hena'la sk'e" but now the roastings in ashes and those 



on spits were all gone 22.15 

 rial's or, else (see § 165, p. 144) 



'aka's no wonder 2.8. 



For k'e'yas see p. 145. 



The meanings of the pronouns, demonstratives, adverbs and conjunctions which are em- 

 phasized by -s will be found discussed under their proper headings. 



A number of modifiers which follow verbs begin with s. These are sna usually (p. 106), sni 

 negation (p. 105), and sehq'. Notwithstanding its apparent initial position it may be identical 

 with the adversative s. sna may possibly contain the unaccented ending -na (p. 120) used 

 with demonstratives; sni may be based on the negative ni. sehq' by this (or that) time 

 (Y. hehq') is evidently derived from 'ehq (p. 117); also sehq' stuk'a this time without fail 

 185.10; sehq'l V (Y. hehq'n V) now (is the time to do something that previously was 

 inappropriate) 



§ 149. DECLARATIVE PARTICLES AND END OF SENTENCE 



1. The end of a declarative statement of a commonly known fact, or the mere statement of a 

 fact previously not known to the hearer and without expression of an opinion regarding it is 

 expressed by the terminal glottal stop, both by men and women. Changeable terminal a be- 

 comes e; all other vowels take the glottal stop without any change. 



hehq'yela 'owi'hqke' there it ends 5.11; — 'awq'yak k'uwa'' watching him she followed him 8.4; — leye'' 

 she said as follows 8.4; — hi'hqna c'qke heye'' next morning then he said that what follows 176.12; — 

 slolye'sni' he did not know 176.16; — wana' 'i'yqkapi' now they ran 177.2; — maga'zu' it is raining; — 

 lak'o'ta' he is a Dakota 



2. The particle ye is attached to stems ending in unchangeable a or q, or in e, i, \, With 

 changeable a or q it is contracted to e; after o, u, % it takes the form we. (See p. 29.) With the 

 plural pi it forms pe. In various types of sentences it appears accented and unaccented. 



Exclamatory sentences, i. e., sentences calling attention to immediately present states or 

 actions, generally introduced by an unaccented demonstrative (see p. 115) close with unaccented 

 ye, man or woman speaking. 



le na z\ ye here he stands! — he yqke' there he is (sits)! (accented, because contracted from yqka' ye); — 

 he'c'iyalqhq le wau we (see here!) from there I am coming!; — he 'oma'niyape there they are going on 

 a trip! 



When an intention is expressed in soliloquy or in a remark not directed at any one in particu- 

 lar (which can be only in the first person singular) men and women use the unaccented future 

 kte<CJctaye. 



'it'o' wag.ni'kte suppose I go home! (synonym 'Wo' wag.la'ke); — 'it'o' ' oma' ni-mn{kte suppose I go walk- 

 ing! 109.7 



Energetic statements followed by an imperative that has an inner relation to the statement 

 also use the form in unaccented ye, man or woman speaking. 



'isli'me 'ini'la yqka' po' (synonym 'isti'ma, c'e 'ini'la yqka po') he is asleep! be quiet!; — 'osni'ye t'ima' 

 g.la' yo' (synonym 'osni' c'e t'ima' g.la' yo') it is cold! go in!; — taku'l 'iwa'howniyqpikte 'ina'hni yo' 

 some message we will send by you! hurry! 236.13; — waho si-wahi ye nah'% po' (synonym c'e for 

 ye 4.7) I come bringing a message! listen!; — le ' c'% we wqya'ka po (synonym c'e for we) see him doing 

 this! (le'c'u k\ wqya'ka po' would mean: watch the doing of this!) 



The synonym forms in c'e are presumably derived from c'a ye. (See p. 146.) 

 Direct quotations of statements which, when not quoted would end with a glottal stop end 

 in unaccented ye, c'e or k'y,. (See p. 106.) These are followed by 'eya' he said, or 'ec'i' he thought. 



