112 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Mbm Tvol A xxiii l 



The form for mild request requires change of the terminal a of verbs into i. Those verbs 

 that retain terminal stem a in the future also retain it in the imperative. 

 Examples are: 



kaska' yo' , kaska' po' tie it (singular, plural, man ordering or permitting) 



kaska' na or kaska tie it! (singular and plural, woman ordering) 



kaska' ye', kaska' pe' tie it! (singular, plural, woman permitting) 



kaski'ye', kaska' pi ye' please tie it (singular, plural, man or woman requesting) 



Man speaking: 



c'e yui'nahni po' so make haste! 4.10; — c'e nah'y! po' so listen! 4.7; — ho po' attention! 4.7; 20.10; — 

 wic'a'kte po' kill them! 10.1; — s%hpa'la k\ le' wqzi tqye'hci lolo'pyi nq yuha' 'e'ma%pa yo' this 

 one (of the puppies) well cook and having it lay me out! 12.1 1. 



Woman speaking: 



c'e ga 'olo'l-ya na go and get a kettle! 81.1; — hina'p'a na come out! 144.2; — wic'a'yuta' eat them' 

 172.13; — kikta' get up! 132.8; — mayv,' zuzu' unwrap me! 228.5; — li'la k'ig.la'pi' start ye for home! 

 55.3; — ho we' 'iya'yape' all right! you may go! 



Man or woman speaking: 



nit'yfskala ki'c'i 'oma'ni ye' carrying your nephew go about, w. sp. 168.10; — k'oyq' ku' ye' come along! 

 m. sp. 129.13; — misy? he' c'%pilasni ye' younger brothers, don't do that, little ones! 21.15; — 

 'ak'o' g.la'pi ye' please, go away (pi.) ; — k'ig.li'ye' (from k'ig.la') go on homel; — kila' ye' ask him for 

 it! (a of la not changeable); — mak'u'ye' please, give it to me 



ho is a defective verb. It is used independently, without accent, in calling attention of 

 someone. It may be followed by a term of address, by an imperative, or by a statement of fact. 

 It takes all imperative endings, except that women use ho' we for both singular and plural. 



ho po' , waho'si-wahi c'e nah'%po' now then ye! I have arrived to bring news, so listen! m. sp. 4.7; — ho' 

 wo', hqka' now then, sister-in-law m. sp. 160.15; — ho'ye now then! very well! m. sp. 9.7; — ho'na 

 very well ! w. sp. 



The negative imperative is formed from the ending sni by use of the same endings as the 

 positive imperative. 



Instead of the exhortative the accented future is used, or the exhortative is expressed by 

 ho'ye, hoye' or hoye in. sp. ; ho'na w. sp. followed by the unaccented future 



'%yi'kte lo' m. sp. \y\kte w. sp. let us go; — (wq)'%yi 'kte lo' (wq) or ho'ye 'y,yi'kte lo' m. sp.; ho'na \y\kte 

 w. sp. let us go; — yi'kte' let him go! 



For the first person exhortative the simple future is used. 



Note. — yi'kta-'iye^c'eca' he ought to go (lit. that he will go is proper). 



§ 153. tk'a' 



tk'a' (often, k'a' Western Ogalala, tuk'a' Santee), at end of sentence followed by glottal stop 

 or one of the particles closing a sentence, makes the statement contrary to fact. 



t'epwi' c'ayah{kta tk'a' sk'e" he would continue to cause them to be consumed, it is said (he would be 

 devouring them) 5.7; — 'ehq'ni 'ama'kisnikta-'iye'c'etu tk'a' ye' long ago I might have been well 

 226.16; — he'c'an%kta tk'a" you should have done that; — wac'i'ka yq'k'q's 'ehq'nihci c'ac'i' p'ap'a- 

 kta tk'a' ye lo' if I had really wished it, then long ago I might have stabbed you 71.2, 3 



With the past it often expresses "almost" as something contrary to fact. 



lehq'yela mat'a' tk'a" I almost died; — 'u,si'ka mic'i'ksi to'hpii 'oso'tamakit'apila tk'a' ye le' my poor 

 children, by smoke they almost died (woman speaking) 196.16; — he'hq' wasi'cu-iya^pi %ma' spesni 

 tk'a" I should not have known English at the time (if I had not gone to school); or: I could not 

 talk English then (but now I can) 



When tk'a' appears at the end of the sentence without glottal stop, the sentence is inter- 

 rupted and the tk V expresses annoyance. 



wasi'c'u-'iya'pi 'lima' spesni tk'a' (leya'he) I cannot talk English but (he says this); — t'o'wa's le' wag.lu'- 

 stqkta tk'a' first I was going to finish this, but (you interrupted me) 



