114 DAKOTA GKAMMAK [MEMO fvoL A xxm 



Numeral adverbs are identical with the cardinals, except wq'ca once. These are com- 

 pounded with the following verb which loses its accent. 



nii'pa-hi' he arrived twice 

 'o'ta-hi' he came often 

 to'nakel-hi' he came several times 



The numeral adverbs with "only" added take the regular diminutive, or rather limiting 

 suffix la. 



wq'cala only once 



A few take the double suffix lala. 



rvub.la'la only twice; only two 

 to'b.lala only four times; only four 

 napci'yt{g.lala only nine times; only nine 

 co'nala a few times 



§ 155. DEMONSTRATIVES, INDEFINITE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS 



There are three demonstrative forms: 



le' this near me 



he' that at a distance, that referred to before 



ka' that at a distance, but visible and pointed out 

 Besides these there is a very general demonstrative V 



The indefinite and interrogative are identical and are treated in the same way as the demon- 

 stratives: 



to' something; what? 



tuwe' someone; who? (predicative); tuwa' nominal 149.11; 150.11 



tukte' which one? 



ta'ku what, something 148.6; 149.7 



Examples: 



le' wic'a'sa c'a 'u hq'tqhqs- if this should be a human being coming 265.10 



V nq le' rvq'ge 'oka'li'ol 'iye'ya' come and throw this one into your ear 268.5 



he' tuwe'ni wqya' kesni nobody saw that one 268.7 



he' '%' le' 'iwa'hoc'iye lo on account of that this warning I give you 12.7 



yq'k'q' ka t'ica'ge c'% he' c'iyatqhq ho'uyi nq and then that yonder tipi-building aforesaid, from that place 



called and 254.3 

 tukte' -p'ezuta c'a ny.' so? what kind of medicine do you use? 139.16 

 he' tuwe' k( that somebody 133.13 

 taky'l, tahuh'ci any little thing, anything 



In many cases the demonstrative is used independently like a noun: 



he' wica'k'e' that one spoke the truth, 129.2; — hena' he'c'a' those were of that kind; — le' pte" this is a 

 buffalo; — le' waka hnige' 1 chose this one; — he' t'qke'yapikta ke'ya'pi' that one they would have for 

 their sister, they said 89.4 



When referring to a noun with emphasis on both, the accented pronoun may precede or 

 follow the noun, both being independent. The noun must be followed by one of the definite 

 articles, k\ or k'u. 



he' wic'a'sa k% ksa'pe' or wic'a'sa k% he' ksa'pe' that man is wise. The first form seems to lay a little more 

 stress on the demonstrative; — le' pte' k% V ". or pte k{ le' V this is the buffalo (the particular one, 

 or the buffalo in contrast to other animals; also pte' k% le' he' 'e ; plural Una' pte' k% 'e'pV; — pte' 

 k'e'ya wic'%'yuhapi tk'a' k\ hena' lena' 'e'pi some cattle those we had, these are the ones; — he' 

 wi'yq k% li'la waste" that woman is very good 89.7; — t'ac'u'pa k\ hena' kaks\' nq — those marrow 

 bones she broke and — 242.9 



31 Contracted from V V; in Yankton uncoutracted. 



