academy of sciekcm] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 115 



No. 2 J *-*■** 



The demonstrative is often treated as a noun qualified by the noun to which it refers. 



luktend -tykak' q c'a nic'u' he? Which horses (out of a herd) did he give you? — he'-wic'asa k\ ksa'pe' 

 that particular man is wise; — le'-wic'asa k\ he' V c'a wqb.la'ke this particular man it is that one, 

 he being so I see him (for c'a see p. 146) ; — he'-'qpe'tu k\ mat'i'kle lo' on that day I shall die 12.6; — 

 he'-waniyeiu k\ li'la wic'dakih'q or wani'yetu ki he' li'la wic'dakih'q that winter there was starva- 

 tion 198.3 (according to emphasis on "that" or "winter") 



These demonstratives are also used with adverbial function. In initial position, before nouns 

 or nominalized phrases they have no accent. Since they never take the plural in -na when the 

 following noun is plural, they must refer to the general content of the following sentence, like 

 other initial adverbs. (See p. 155.) The noun or nominalized phrase must be followed by the 

 article and the corresponding accented demonstrative or he' (which, however, colloquially may 

 be omitted) followed by the predicate. 



ka wic'a'sa k\ ka' wqb.la'ke' (there) the man that one I see; — le ta'ku ec'diwuhe c\ «-hq ki) le' li'la 

 waste walake' (here) the thing I am doing this very much I like; — le t'i'pi k'eya' he' c{ lena' mit'a'wa 

 (here) the tents standing these are mine; — he' le wic'a'sa wq k'ap'e' c'u he' t'a'wa that one in this 

 case a certain man's who had passed by, that was his 107.15; — 'ikto' le c'oka'p t'i' k\ (le') 'e'l ya' yd 

 to Ikto' on this occasion in the center of the camp dwelling go! 112.6 



In exclamatory sentences, i. e., those direct statements which express an observation to 

 which attention is called and which do not admit the glottal stop as closure of the sentence 

 (as simple statements of fact do, see p. 109), when referring to a definite place require the use of 

 unaccented demonstratives. 



he yoke' there he is (sits) ! but he'l yqke" he is sitting there (a simple statement) ; — le nd z\ye here he stands! 

 but le'l na' zi' he is (or was) standing here; — pte' wq c'e'pehca c'a he g.le' a fat buffalo, it being such 

 there it goes! 199.4, also he pte' wq c'e'pehca c'a g.le'!; — 'ak'e' wana' he hiya'ye' again now there 

 he goes! 110.10 



Compare he'c'iyatqhq le' wau c'a sak'i'p \g.ni'kte lo' from there I come to this, it being so we will go 

 together to where we belong 102.14; and the same with unaccented le which might be translated 

 as "see (look) here! I came from there," etc.; also he'c'iyatqhq le wau we (look here!) from there 

 I come; i. e., the le refers to the present situation 



In indirect discourse: 



wic'a'sa wq ka'l na' zi ke'pe'' that a certain man stands yonder, that I said; and wic'a'sa wq ka (ka'l) 

 na' zi ke'p'e' (c'e ep'e') c'u he' wana' 'iya'ye' a certain man (of whom) I said that he stands yonder, 

 that one has gone now; — he yqka'pi k'e'p'e' c%' hend '. wand 'iya'yapi' those (of whom) I said 

 that there they stand there have gone now; — pte' k\\he' wic'a'sa wq\ka c'qkpe' skamak'ag.le nd z\\ 

 ke'p'e' ' \c'u\hetq'hq . . . nd zi\sk'e" the buffalo | that one a certain man | (whom) that he kneeling 

 stands 1 1 said so|the one|away from that one (the man) ... it stands|it is said 99.12, i. e., the 

 buffalo stood away from that man of whom I had said that he had been kneeling 



In all sentences that do not close with the exclamatory ye the demonstrative is accented. 



to'ki le' la'pi he? or le' to'ki la pi he? (look here!) where are ye going? but lena' to'k'i la' pi he? where are 

 these ye going? — (le') mahpi'ya nq mak'd ki hend (le') rniye' (le') waka'ge lo' (look here!) sky and 

 earth those I myself made 2.2 (the le' may stand at any one of the three positions indicated) 



Dakota uses a superabundance of demonstrative forms which emphasize location and time. 

 These are formed by the demonstratives alone or by combining them with verbal stems and 

 various types of postpositions. (See pp. 116 et seq.). 



The derivatives of the pronouns are used with highly specialized meaning. 



