120 DAKOTA GRAMMAR tMEMOI [voL A xxin 



16. -tqhq from out of, implying continued motion: 



'etq'hq ta'ku k'eya' g.mig.ma'g.ma 'icu' from out of it he took some round things; — wic'e' skohloka k{ 

 'etq'hq kiyq' tHma'hel hiyu" from the air vent flying he came into the tipi (see 65.8 which would be 

 better 'etq' because the boy stayed on the air vent); — 'ema'tqhq I am from such and such a place 

 or tribe 123.2; — 'Og.la'la t'i'pi k\ hetq? hq-wymd yq I am a woman from out of the Ogalala tribe 



The difference between 'etq' and 'etq'hq appears clearly ha some of the following examples: 



t'i'pi ki 'etq' 'ahi'yokas'i' he peered out of the tent, tH'pi k% 'etq'hq u" he came out of the tent; — nq 

 hetq'hq 'ak'e' to'k'el 'iya'yeca c'e'l and from there again which way he kind of went who knows? 5.1 1, 

 also 17.3; — he'c'es hetq'hq sak'i'p zuya! yd pi then from there together to war they went 71.4; — 

 katq'hq wau" I come from over yonder (pointed out), kamdtqhq I belong there (pointed out), 

 tukte'tqhq yahi' he? where do you come from? (totq'hq Santee); — tukte'tqhq wase' k% lena' 'aya'hi he? 

 whence did you bring this red paint? (compare wase' k{ tuktetq' 'icu' pi s'a he where do they always 

 get red paint?) 



'etq'hqs he' wak'a'heza ki anyway that one is a little child; — 'etq's tdk{'a) what of it!— 'etq'hqhq several 

 times from 



17. -tu; 'e'tu it is at the place referred to: 



tukte'l niya'zq he? le'tu' where does it hurt you? it is here (cf. tuwel niya'zq he? lehq'tu when did it 

 hurt you? it is now; t%'wel<ito'hi^wel); — le'tu it is here; — he'tu it is there 181.16; 261.11; — ka'tu 

 it is over yonder; — tukte'tu it is somewhere, where is it? — to'huwetu k\hq yau'ktu he? when is it 

 when you will come? to'h%wetuka wq 'e'l mahi' sometime he came to me, or io'hy,wel e'l mahi'; — 

 to'huwetuka c'e's but when! 



18. -tkiya towards, i. e., in a direction without movement, towards that direction. (The 

 relation between -tkiya and -kta'kiya is comparable to that between I and kta.) 



fate' kj 'e 'tkiya kaho'm.ni' it turns to the wind;' — le'tkiya 'ahi'wac'i' his thoughts turned in this direction 

 (instead of S to'tkiya to'k'etkiya No. 37 is used) 



19. 'ece'la {'ece always that only kind; 'e it is; la diminutive, limiting the sense): 



ka'k'iya ka wqzi' 'u' k'% he'cH 'ece'la 'e'wac'i' towards yonder that one coming (away from here) 

 alone she thought of 51.9; — he'c'a 'ece'la k'owa'kip'e c'% that kind only I fear 78.16; — 'a'ecela hi" he 

 came alone (without anything); — lece'la t'ewa'hila' I prize only this one highly; — hece'la nap'e'sni' 

 that one alone did not run away 121. IS; — kace'la xoana' b.luha' only that yonder I have left now; — 

 (tok'e'cela the end of which is evidently identical with the present means "barely") (see No. 38); — 

 tok'e'cela sak-ye' 'kit'% 'iija'hq ke" barely using a staff himself he came to the top, they say 172.3 

 (see also 67.14) 



20. 'e'c'ql just then: 



'ec'q'l wi'k'q k\ kapsa'kahq just then the rope kept breaking 66.15; — hq'l 'ec'q'l winit'Kcala wq tok'e'cela- 

 ma'nila c'a . . . hiyu' when just then an old woman barely walking, such . . .came 67. 14; — yn'k'q' 

 'ec'q'l g.lina'p'a lo and behold! just then he emerged 79.2; — ('ec'q' I always expresses an unexpected, 

 unwelcome interruption) ; — a welcome incident is introduced by hcehq'l (see No. 8) 



21. -c'qtu a verb form but not used without suffixes: 

 'ec'q'tulahci just at that very moment 



22. lena', hena', kana' , tuktena' or tona'. Plurals of demonstratives, animate and inanimate: 



hena'la only those 72.8; hena'la' that is all; — tona' whichever ones, those who; — to'na as many as, 

 how many? — tona' 'a'm.nikta he? which ones shall I take? — tona' 'u'pikta he? which ones (among 

 them) are coming? — to'na yac'\ he? how many do you want? — to'na mak'u'ke c'e'yas 'iyu'ha 

 'iwa'cukte' as many as he gives me, still I will take them all;- — to'nakel several, 229.1; — hena' is 

 but those, 78.13; — lena'yos, hena'yos, kana'yos those two, etc. (Western Ogala'la); hena'yoza those 

 two are the ones; hena' 'yosyos those by twos; — hena'os, etc. Eastern Dakota; — older form heni'yus, 

 heni'yos, etc. (from yu'za to hold?) 



23. -na. 'e'na right there at the place referred to: 



'e'l nqka' huwo'1 — 'e'na mqki'kte' are you home? — there I shall stay; — le'na yqka' yo' stay right here! 

 4.1; — he'na yqke'si po' , to'ksa' hiyo' m.nikte' tell him to stay there, I'll go to get him;- — ka'na ina'zi 

 nq na'iihe' at yonder place he stopped and continued to stand (there); — tukte'na — sni no place 

 where: tukte'na b.le'sni' I have no place to go to; le' tukte'na 'e'wag.nakesni' this I have no place 

 where to put it down (also tukte'ni instead of tukte'na); — 'ena'na here and there: 'uina' ki 'ena'na 



