124 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Mem Tvol A xxiii* 



40. -k% at a certain place ; i in reference to the position of the person addressed or spoken of in 

 le'cH; in reference to the speaker in he'cH, ka'JcH, to'kH. The forms express the place or region 

 where the object or person referred to belongs permanently. In contrast to the forms in -k'iya 

 the forms in -k'i refer to a particular place. In contrast to the forms le'l, he'l, ka'l tukte'l they 

 refer to one point in reference to another, while the forms in I refer simply to a point. The form 

 kal is therefore used for a place nearby, in sight, ka'k'i for a point at a distance the direction of 

 which may be pointed out. 



le'c'i mqke'' I am sitting here (and you there); — he'c'i c'qp'a' yuk'q' he? are there choke-cherries over 

 there (where I am not); — hiya' ; iye's ka'k'i 'o'ta s'e le'c'eca ye'! no, rather over yonder are many 

 it seems; — ka'k'i ka c't^kaske-'ikq^ke k% he'l over yonder, that yonder fence the corner at 

 that referred to; — to'k'i lehql 'ak'e' 'ia' 'oma'ni se'ce le' at some place (not here) at this time again 

 talking he goes about probably {le' woman speaking in soliloquy); — tok'i' yaif,' huwo' ? where (at 

 what definite place) are you; ka'k'i to'kH ever so far, far off somewhere, contracted ka'kto'k'i; — 

 le'c'i to'k'i way over here (from a distance) 



41. -k'iya. While k ( i expresses a definite place, -kHya expresses an indefinite region. 



le'c'iya le'l b.le' wq yqka' over here, here is a lake 152.19; 157.7; — he'c'i m.ni'kte I will go to where you 

 are; — he'c'iya m.ni'kte I'll go in the direction of the place where you are; see 150.1; — he'c'i yqke" 

 he sat over there; — he'c'iya yqke" somewhere over there he sat 74.2; — yi^'k'q! he'c'iya t'azu skala 

 wq 'ata'ya sk'e" and then there somewhere he met a little ant 157.7; — ka'k'iya 'oya'te wq t'i'pi 

 c'a 'ekta' 'ate' %'' somewhere over yonder a people lived, to them father arrived going 133.15; — 

 ka'k'iya 'ak'i'ksuhq at a place yonder (indefinite) he was piling it up 171.10; also 149.6, 150.3; — 

 to'k'iya la' huwo'? in what direction are you going? 77.2; also 73.13; 82.5; — to'k'iyani ye' sni 

 she went nowhere 133.1 



42. -kHyatq: 



'ec'i'yatq on that side (in reference to this side); — 'uma' ec'i' yalq sa' pe' it is black on the other side; — 

 hu'le 'ec'i'yatq p%p\(' it is rotting at the butt end (of the log) ; — le'c'iyatq c'q' hq'skaska' on this side, 

 (as of a stream) there are tall trees (the trees are tall) ; — t'q-le ' c'iyatq huste" he (horse) is 

 lame on this side (t'q body) ; — he' c'iyatq k'es 'e't'i po ' ; li'la m.ni-hi'yaye on that side at all events 

 make camp; very the water goes along (the flood is too high for crossing); — t'i-ka'k'iyatq 'owa'pi, 

 nq le'c'iyatq V V ta'kunisni' on yonder side of the tipi it is painted, and on this side it is the one re- 

 ferred to there is nothing; — ka'k'iyatq Hya'yapi nq yuwq'kal 'icu po' step to that side, and lift it; — 

 to'k'iyaiq b.lu z{kta he? 'eya niye's to'k'iyatq yac'i'ka which side, which end, am I going to take 

 hold of? Well, you rather whichever side you will 



43. -kHyatqhq,: 



'ec'i'yatqhq, le'c'iyatqha, he' c'iyatqhq, ka'k'iyatqhq, to'k'iyatqhq coming from a definite point, le c'iyatqhq 

 from or at a distant place where the person addressed or spoken of is assumed to be permanently 

 located or to which he belongs, to here; in all other cases from a distant place to the place to which 

 the speaker or the subject of the discourse belongs; — he' c'iyatqhq wic'o'ta 'ahi' ke'ya'pi' they say 

 a group of people arrived from there (where you or they belong) ; — wq, tuwa' le' c'iyatqhq 'u'we lo' 

 my! somebody from a distant place to which he belongs is coming 78.5; — ka'k'iyatqhq does not refer 

 to a definite place: ka'k'iyatqhq ka tuwa' 'u'we from over yonder (pointed out) someone is coming; — 

 yu'k'q' to' k'iyatqhq k\ 'oya' s'% mat'a'peh'q ye' s k'o' 'ahi'ht^ni and then from all the somewheres 

 (everywhere) even the toads also arrived 73.2; — to'k'iyatqhq k\ 'oya's'i wana' 'awi'c'ahiyupi from 

 everywhere now they came (charging) at them 105.11 



Also, according to — wana' wawe' ksuye c\ 'ec'i'yatqhq now according to what I remember 2.3 



44. -k*iyot*q (compare 'owo't*qla in a straight direction): 



ka c'q' wq 'isna'la he' c\ hec'i' yot' qlahc\ wi' mahe'l 'iya'ya hq'l mic'i'ksi t'e' yonder tree one alone stand- 

 ing, exactly in that direction the sun set (went in), when my son died; — kak'i'yot'q in yonder direc- 

 tion 3.1, 71.16; — hec'i'yot'q t'awa'c'isni' she did not think in that direction 65.2; — tok'i'yot'q 

 'iya'ye' he has gone off in some direction 121.14, 186.1,10 



A number of verbs contract with demonstratives, leya' he said this, le'c^y, he did this. (See 

 pp. 98, 101.) 



