academy of sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 125 



§§ 156-158. NOUNS 

 § 156. Nominal Stems 



On pages 28 and 33 nominal stems have been described. Like the verbs they have the types 

 cvc, cv, and cvccv. The last-named group contains many compounds. It may be that all are 

 compounded of two elements. 



Change of terminal a to e and of e to a have been discussed on pages 32 and 34. 



§ 157. Nouns Derived From Verbs 



Nouns formed by the prefix wa- have been discussed on pages 52 et seq. Most of these forms 

 are still felt as verbs and function as nouns only with the following article kj. This is particularly 

 true of the nomina actoris. 



The following are felt as nouns and express permanent qualities: 



waya'ka captive; — wap'i'ya he makes people well, medicine man; — wak\yq thunder; — wadc^ala the 

 little one imitates (wcm'c'ala monkey, wai^'c'api mockery) 



The following are verbs, nominalized by the article and express temporary occupations: 



wak'u'wa he hunts buffaloes (wak'u'wa k\ buffalo hunter); — wayu't*q he serves at a ceremonial, lit. he 

 touches things; (wayu't'q k\ server at a ceremonial); — wo'ha he carries things; — wao'ka he rather 

 hits something, marksman 



Certain terms which are constantly applied for objects of everyday life have become nouns 

 and function as such without the article. With active verbs these have a passive meaning. 



wa'paha something pushed up unsteadily, i. e., a war standard; — wap'o'stq hat ('o'stq to fit); — wi'yukpq 

 mill; — wapa'zopi a spectacle, something shown; — wak'e'ya tent (k'e slanting, -ya to make); — 

 wa'kahpe cover ('aka'hpa to cover up = let fall on) ; — waya'hota oats (yaho'ta to choke, lit. he obstructs 

 passage by means of mouth) ; — wana'p'% necklace (nap'i' to wear around neck) ; — waVe slake kerchief 

 (t'e-sla'ka to wear around head) 



With neutral verbs wa- expresses objects having a certain quality. 



wapa'm.na a clump of bushes; — wap'e'p'e brambles; — walu'ta ceremonial red; — wat'o' fresh green leaves 

 in spring; — wat'o'keca delicacies; — wasna' caked pemmican; — wasni'snika cold things (food); — 

 wasku'ya fruits (sweet things); — wasa'pa dirty things, soiled clothes; — wasi'cu a sacred object; — 

 waspq'ka cold, cooked food; — wastit 'kala preserved corn; — wag.mif,' something twisted, i. e., pump- 

 kin; — ivakq'ka old woman (kq aged); — wahcd flower; — wahpe leaf; — wand gi ghost, from nagi' 

 shadow, ghost of a person; — wap'dha war bonnet, from p'a head, ha' skin 



The prefix 'o- forms nouns which are no longer felt as verbs. It has generally a delimiting 

 sense. 



Locatives: 



'ot'i' dwelling; — 'ot'ii'we ('o-t'i-'o-a-hq) town 35 "; — 'oye' trail; — 'oa'li step (in stairway); — 'oa'p'e place 

 of striking, hour; — , oo' wound; — 'ondp K e refuge; — 'on%'we swimming hole; — 'oyx(ke bed; — 'oc'e't'i 

 fireplace; — 'o'hqzi a shady place, a shade (also neutral verb) ; — 'ob.la'ye prairie; — o'ski hilly country, 

 rough roads 



It also expresses the passive participle and the corresponding noun. 



'op'a'hte a bundle; — 'ozu'ha receptacle {'azu' to pile up S.) ; — 'ozu't'iipi wqzi a bag full; — 'oyu'kse pieces 

 cut up; — oi'yut'e a measured object, quantity; — '014 dose of medicine, etc.; — 'oo'he a quantity for 

 one cooking, or cooked; — 'olo'wq song; — 'oka'siou fringes 



The prefix 'i- is used to form instrumental nouns. (See p. 43.) 



'iyu'hite rake; — 'ipa'ste instrument, for rubbing dressing on hides; — 'ica'pte a ladle; — 'ic'a'p'e dagger; — 

 'i'calu fan; — 'ica'ge tool (ka'ga to make) 



In nouns formed with wa-, V, 'i- the changeable terminal a becomes e. (See pp. 33, 41, 43.) 

 The contracted form wo'- from wao- is used to form generalized nouns, particularly abstract 

 nouns. (See p. 133.) 



wo'waste goodness; — wo'aiye gossip; — wo'ksape wisdom; — wo'ap'e expectation; — wo'yuha property 

 "' t'uwq'pi (S) they lived in a town. 



