126 



DAKOTA GRAMMAR 



[Memoirs National 

 [Vol. XXIII, 



Other nouns are formed with the ending -pi. They are actually third person plurals and 

 correspond to our passives. 



c'q-ka'wac'ipi they make wood dance by striking, i. e., a top (see p. 66); — pa\' yqkapi snow snake; — 

 paslo'hqpi sliding stick 



These forms, like those in wa-, are felt as nouns only when they apply to terms of everyday 

 occurrence in the life of the people; officers, objects of daily use, abstract terms are so conceived. 



§ 158. Classification of Nouns 



The concept of position which is ever present in some of the Siouan dialects, for instance in 

 Winnebago, is found in traces in Dakota. In sentences expressing "to be somewhere" the corres- 

 pouding verbs yqka' to sit is used for objects of spherical or cubical form, like rocks, hills, heavenly 

 bodies, or for small objects including small animals; na'zi to stand, for men and animals; hq' 

 to stand, for long, upright inanimate objects or those that stand upright in a definite way; 

 yyka' to lie, mostly for animate beings; hpa'ya to lie, mostly for inanimate objects; hiye'ya for 

 scattered, roundish or short objects that lie in a pile or scattered about. Other special terms 

 are used. Plants "grow," hanging objects "hang," etc. 



Examples for the use of yqka': 



Natural objects: 



'igu'ga rock 

 'owo'zu garden 

 'ot\'we town 

 wi' sun 

 wic'a'hpi star 

 wo'icase obstacle 

 hqhe' pi-wi moon 

 hesa'pa Black Hills 



Animals: 



p'atka'sa turtle 

 zilka'la bird 



b.le' lake 



paha butte 



pispi' zo-oiY prairie dog town 



pte'o'wac'i buffalo wallow 



mak'o'c'e a piece of land 



mahpi'ya sky 



c'a'ga a block of ice 



c'qnii'p-'ok'e" pipestone quarry (digging place) 



g.naska' frog 

 ig.imi' cat 



Parts of body of killed animal: 



nasu'la brain 



supe intestines and all internal organs. 



Food: 



'agu'yapi bread (lit. they cause it to be scorched) 



'agu'yapsu'* 1 (bag, pile of) wheat (■= bread seed) {aguwapi S. and Y) 



waya'hota u (bag of) oats 



t'alo meat (lit. fresh food of ruminant) 



spq sniyutapi melon (lit. they eat it not cooked) 



Tools, implements, etc. 



H'p'ahte bridle 



'i'calu fan 



'oc'q'iyali ladder, when lying 



wqhi'kpe arrow 



wi'k'q rope 



wo'p'iye medicine bundle 



wo'kp'q parfleche 



hupa' travois 



psil'o', sipt'o' beads 



pV bag 



mi'la knife 



t'a'pa ball 



t'ahi'spa awl 



t'ak'q sinew thread 



wak'e'ya the tent cover when not put up 



t'osu' tipi poles 



c'ahli' coal 



c'q' fire-wood piled up, or short pieces 



c'q'wak'i saddle 



c'qka'ga log 



c'qk.'a flint 



c'qk'o ' zuha pouch 



c'aho'ta ashes 



nasit'pakce comb 



'• k'eya' somo is required with this. 



