Academy op Sciences] 

 No. 2] 



MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 



131 



The forms with wic^a (given by Riggs, p. 16) are not possessive but refer to the terms as 

 belonging to human beings: wic K a'c\ca children of man (not of animals), wic^a'atkuku (not 

 wicH'atkuku, Riggs) father of humans, unc l a'huku mother of humans. 



Here belong also wic^o'we children of one family, wic^o'i^age generation. 



More distant affinal relationship terms, and a few others expressing a close relation based 

 neither on consanguinity nor affinity take the ending ku and also the prefix Va expressing separable 

 possession. 



parent of ray child's spouse 



stepchild 



her cowife 



consanguineal relative. 



consanguineal or affinal relative. 



male friend of a man 



female friend of woman 



master (of a pet animal or guardian 

 spirit) 



Address 



oma irahit'q' 



(no address) 

 mita-'kuyepi * 



k'ola' 



3d person pos- 

 sessive 



t'o'mawahit'uku 

 t'awa'gqku " 

 Ve'yaku 

 t'i'takuye* 

 ota'kuye-t'awa 

 (group term) 

 t'ak'o'laku 



Vawa'setku 

 tH'Uij/etku s 



1st person possessive 



oma'uahit'u 

 Vawa'gqwaye C{ ' 



0) 

 mifi'takuye 

 mita'kuye 



mit'a'k'ola or tak*o'la- 

 ku mayu'k'q (his 

 friend exists for me) 



mit'a'wase 



2d person pos- 

 sessive 



nit' o' mawakit' i( 

 Init'a'ivagqku or 

 I t'awa'gqyaye ci 



nit'i'takuye 



nita'kuye 



nit'a'k^ola 



nit'a'wase 



i Santee mika's, nuka'sku, obsolete in Riggs' time, t'awa'gq-waye ci the one whom I have as a stepchild. 



1 Cowives call each other sister, cross-cousin, or mother of such and such a child; t'e'yawaye q the one whom I have as a cowife; Ve'yaku mayu'k?q 

 (her) cowife exists for me, i. e., I have her as a cowife is also used. 



* See p. 133. 



* This term is included here although it lacks the prefix t'a because the theme is identical with the preceding. The address is always plural. 



* Used only for those who are very intimate; often used by cross-cousins. Compare mase' an analogous term for brothers-in-law. 



The term kic^u'wa, comrade, from k^uwa' to pursue, is going out of use. Riggs (p. 15) 

 gives the possessive form t^aki'c^uwa, 



§ 162. Separable Possession 



Separable possession is expressed by the prefix t*a (mit*a 7 nit*a, y,kit*a). 



When the noun with the possessive t l a is not followed by the article the meaning is in most 

 cases generalized and signifies a permanent relation of the owner to the thing possessed. The 

 terms k*ola' a man's male friend and wase' a woman's female friend are used with Va. 



Compounded with t^a are the verbal or nominal possessives mit % a'wa } niVa'wa, Va'wa } 

 %ki'Vawa. These express "it is mine, yours, his, ours." When used nominally they must be 

 followed by an article (ki, k\,wq)) by a demonstrative {W ', he', ka! ' , lena' , hena' , kana'); or by a 

 numeral, definite or indefinite. 



The usage is illustrated by the following examples: 



Vasu'ke k\ ske'hqhq y his horse is restless 



Vasu'ke ske'hqhqke' he is the kind of person who has restless horses 



t*ami'la k\ p K ep K e"sni y her knives are not sharp 



t K ami'la p'epVsm' she is the kind who has no sharp knives 



mit f a'woyuha ki waste' ste* my household goods are fine 



miCa woyuha waste ste* I am the kind who has fine household goods 



tase' waka'b.lac*ic*iyikteca c*as! 'ece's niVa'mila siksi'ca c*a but I shall not let (lit. cause) you flatten 



(i. e., jerk beef) ! for you are one who (always) has excessively bad knives 

 t*ac*q'ntypa ki hq'ske' his pipe is long 

 Vac K a'n%pa hq'ske 9 he is one w T ho owns a long pipe 



This appears also in the saying: 



Cahq'psisica silye'la worn-out moccasins badly! (i. e., he or you, with your worn-out moccasins!) 41 



*' hqpa' moccasin, si foot, assimilated by* of si'ca bad, worn moccasins; (cf. hqpsi'cu a pair of pieces of skin cutout for moccasins). An exclama- 

 tion directed at someone who has annoyed the speaker; also used in affectionate bantering with joking-relatives or children. It refers to the pridfl 

 the Dakota took in being well-shod. 



