134 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Memoirs National 



[Vol. XXIII, 



k'eya': 



c'q' k'eya' certain trees; — t'ahi'spa k'eya' some awls 59.3; — c'q'-hqskaska k'eya' certain tall trees 



k'eya' is used only for separate objects. 



When part of a mass of separate objects is meant 'etq' from, is used: c'q' 'etq' hiyo'iyaye he 

 is going for some wood out of a supply or out of a stack of wood. 



For a piece of a whole hqke': t*alo' hqke' wac'i' I want a piece of meat. 



For part of material that cannot be divided hy,h (Y '%ge') or 'etq: m.ni' hy,'h mak'u' , or 

 m.ni' etq' mak'u' : with adjective m.ni'-sni k\ h%'h b.latki'kte' I'll drink some of the cold water. 



wqzi': 



c'q' wqzi' 'ax( wo' put a stick on (the fire) ! 



wo'tapi wqzi' ka'gjkte' he will give (make) a feast; but wo'tapi wq ka'ge' he gave a certain feast 



'qpe'iu wqzi' 'e'l wai'kte' some day I shall go there 



The examples show that wqzi' is used for an indefinite unidentified object, wq for a certain 

 object or event that exists. 



c'q' wq 'ag.li'' he brought a stick (now existing) 



c'q' wqzi' hiyo'iyaye he is going for a stick (the identity of which is not yet known) 



When the object spoken of is selected from among a group, he' that, follows the article. 



wasi' k\ hena' m.nama'k'iyapikte lo' the bits of fat, those they will collect for me 189.13 

 haka'kta k{ he' h\g.na'y\kta the younger one that one was to have him for a husband 201.14 

 c'a'pala k'% he' 'iki'kcv she picked up her little beaver (and nothing else) 48.8 

 'anii'k- 'ite" k'% he' V it was (no other than) the Double-Face 48.14 



The article nominalizing a verb makes it subject or object of the finite verb. A following or 

 preceding he' may shift the emphasis and with it the syntactic structure. 



kte'pi k% slolye'' he knows the killing 



He' pi k\ he' wqya'ke' he saw that one killed, or he saw the killing of him (and nothing else) 



he' kte'pi k\ wqya'ke' that one saw the killing, or he saw that killing 



Terms of relationship in first and second person possessive have generally no article. 



lena mil'a'koza 'au'masi' these (things) mj' grandson ordered me to bring 199.18 



niya'te 'a'k'iyec'el t'eu'hilapikta ke'ya your father said he would love us impartially 195.14 



niye'pi nq niya'te nihu' k'o' wana' yau'pikte lo' you and your father and your mother also will come 



now 231.5 

 wana' 'ina', 'ate' nq t'ib.lo' k'o t'ima' 'u'pikte' now my mother, my father, and my elder brothers also 



will come into the tent 231.4 



All the Dakota terms embrace more than one individual. Those distantly related, partic- 

 ularly when personally unknown, are given the article in the first person possessive. 



'ate' g.li' my father came home 



'ate' k\ g.li' one whom I call father because he married one whom I call mother (except my own father) 

 came home 



For consanguineal relatives the article is not used. Therefore the last example could not 

 be used for father's brothers. When my father is not known to the persons addressed I might 

 say wic*a'sa wq 'ate' way e cj, a certain man the one whom I have for my father. 



The only exception is mic'i'ca ki my children 



For affinal relatives the article is used particularly when they are not known or not well 

 known to the persons addressed. For mihi'g.na and mit'a'wicu my husband, my wife, both forms 

 are used 



nit'a'wieu kic'i' 'u' or nit'a'wicu k\ kic'i' 'u' come with your wife! 



The expression nisce'p'q kicH' 'u' come with your sister-in-law, would mean that the sister- 

 in-law is a well-known, long-established member of the family; nisce'p'q k\ kic%' V would mean 

 that she is the youngest sister-in-law, or one quite recently married and not yet well known. 



