136 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MBMO fvo? A xii^ 



Some combinations of noun and neutral verb have special meanings and cannot be separated 



by an article. 



wi'yq waste' she is beautiful; wic'a'sa waste' he is handsome 

 wi'yq wq waste' a certain woman is good, there is a good woman 



Sometimes the noun and adjective are treated as noun and neutral verb and must be inter- 

 preted as subordinate forms. 



'oya'te-Vqka wic'o't'i a tribe being large camped 51.1, or 

 'oya'te-t'q'ka wq wic l o't'i a certain large tribe camped, or 

 'oya'te wq t l q'ka c'a wic'o'i'i a tribe large, being so it camped 



The articles are used following verbs forming relative clauses. They are used in occupational 

 terms, t'ika'ge c{ a house builder (see p. 73), but express also abstract terms. 



heska'takiya 'a'ye c'y, the aforesaid who were going to the Rocky (White) Mountain 226.1 



t'i'kte ci 'og.na' Hya'ya the future dying towards it goes 226.5 



t'a'wake c'% the aforesaid one who was in a way hers 226.6 



wi'yq wq lipa'ye c'y, a woman who was lying down the aforesaid 242.1 



tuwa' 'u'pi k'y, he'c'iyalqkq c'e'ya 'u" someone, the place they had come from, came crying 191.3 



wica'k'e ci t % q\ that he spoke the truth was apparent 231.10 



ni' wau' k'% hehq'ni he 'a't'qi I, one who was alive, even as long ago as that then it became apparent, i. e., 



it was apparent when I was alive 

 'owa'p'ate ke'c'i' k\ '■q' 'e'tkiya ya'hq with thinking that this was a butchering place she was going there 



242.6 

 spq'sni hiye'ye c'% what lay about raw 27.12 

 wic'a'sa -oma'ni s'a wq a man who walks about all the time 

 'oma'ni s'a nq 'iye's'a wq one who walks and talks all the time 

 'oma'nipi s'a nq 'iya'pi s'a k'eya' or 'iya' 'oma'nipi s'a k'eya' certain ones who walk and talk all the time 



Compound forms of the article express temporal relations, k\hq when in the future; k'l^hq' 

 when in the past. Literally these mean "the one continuing." 



yahi' k\hq 'oc'i'ciyaki'kle when you come I shall tell you about it 



c'a he' tohq'l hi' k\hq . . . mic'-q'ksi hig.na'yikte lo' so that when he comes here . . . my daughter shall 



have him for a husband 12.3 

 H'yakis'api k\hq k'ohq' ie '%ki' yayikte lo' when they are shouting meanwhile we shall start away 135.3 

 'e'l yai' k%hq he' V kte' when you arrive there (at a camp) that will be it 139.6 

 kini' k'yhq' . . . mani'takiya 'iya' ye' when he had recovered he started for the wilderness 277.12 



A peculiar use of ¥% occurs at the end of direct quotations. (See p. 109.) If not quoted these 

 statements would end in a glottal stop. 



he' nahpa'hpake c'%, 'eye" "that one is untidy," said he 9.3; — oya'kapi k\, 'eya'pi' "they tell it," they 

 said 226.10 



On the whole, in the enumeration of two nouns connection by nq is avoided. If unavoidable, 

 the first noun is transformed into a separate clause. 



Ci'pi ki V nq s'qk- o'naz\ k\ mip'i' kahwo'ke' it was the house and the stable, both were blown over 



When two living beings or objects somehow connected are subject or object the second one 

 becomes the object of Hc%' to be with. 



Cazi' wqtq'yeyela kic'i' c'aze-okiyakapi Buffalo Calf and He-Sends-his-Arrow-Well told their names 

 to him 147.14 



When there are more than two nouns connected by "and," the group following the first 

 noun has only one definite article at the end. 



tfi'pi ki V nq svjz- d nazi nq p'ezi'-'it'oksu ki k ( o kahwo'ke' it was the house and (the) stable and the hay 

 wagon also (that) were blown over; or Ci pi k\ kahwo ke'; nq nakv^ s-qk-o nazi k\ e- nq p ezi -iCo'ksu 

 ki; — sina' ki c^q'-'op'iye mahe'l \ '. nq nak% t ah% spa (ki e ) nq c uwi g.naka nq hq pa ki k o the 

 blanket is in the trunk. And also the awl and the dress and the (pair of) moccasins also 



'• 'ic'it'hq would be better than k'olui'. 



