academy, >p sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 137 



With wq the article is repeated with each noun: 



sina wq hq pa wq kic i ahi' he brought a blanket and a moccasin; — sina wqii hq pa waz\ kic~i' he eel 

 'au'wasi' I ordered him to bring a blanket and a (pair of) moccasins; — sina' wq V nq hq'pa wq 

 nq t ahj, s P a wq, hena keca ahi a blanket, it was and a (pair of) moccasins and an awl, those he 

 brought 



The articles are used at the end of the sentence to express a definite attitude of the speaker, 

 wq of approval, kj, and k'% of disapproval. (See p. 158.) Such phrases are felt as predicative, 

 although in form they are nominal. Thus za'niyqs 'y,' k'% formerly he was always well. Fol- 

 lowed by waya'zq ye (lo) it would mean "the one who was formerly always well is sick, tk'a', 

 le' wiy'c'otapi k\ (etq's to'k'a) but here we are a crowd (out of it, indeed, what, i. e. what of it). 

 The parenthetic statement is implied, expressing the mood of the speaker. 



§ 164. ADVERBS 



Adverbs are derived from verbs by means of the suffixes -ya, -yela, -hq, -I, -kel. In active 

 verbs the subordinate form is also an adverb, firmly united with the finite verb by the accent 

 when the time relation is one of succession, as in our infinitive; less firmly when the two verbs 

 express simultaneous actions, as in our participle. 



1. Suffix -ya, -yela (see p. 59): 



sa'pa to be soiled sapya' in a soiled condition 



suta' to be firm suta'ya firmly 



ska to be white skaya' in a white condition 



c'e'pa to be fat e'epye'la in a fat condition 



2. Suffix hq (see p. 60) following demonstratives. With ya it expresses a temporary condi- 

 tion: 



lehq' up to this time 

 t'isya' and t'isya'hq firmly 



3. The ending I forms adverbs from verbs in -hi (see pp. 48, 58): 



he'tu he' I 



'akq'tu it is on top 'akq'l 



'qpe'tu daytime 'qpe'l 



4. -kel adverbial form of active verbs ia-ka (see pp. 56, 57): 



'ap'e'kel being as it were in a waiting condition 

 buya'kel with a rather deep voice 

 ska'ltukel playing in a way 



5. Compound verbs expressing infinitive relations (see pp. 73 et seq.): 



'oki'le-'iya^ye' he went to search for it 

 skal-'o'mani' he goes about to play 

 'ayu'ta-'iyo'take' he sat down to stare at it 



Verbs of the type cv ending in changeable a change to e in adverbial forms when the meaning 

 corresponds to the English infinitive (see p. 74) he-i'nahni' he is in a hurry to buryit (ha' to bury). 



6. Compound verbs expressing synchronous, participial relations: 



leya' 'i'yqke' saying this he ran 56.17 

 ska'l 'oma'ni' he goes about playing 

 'ayu'ta yqke" he sat staring at it 



When a continued condition, the result of an action, is to be expressed active verbs are also 

 considered as neutral and take the suffix -ya. 



ko'za to swing; — 'oka'kosya 'otka' in a condition of swinging, suspended it hangs; but ko'skos hiya'ye' 



he went by swinging it 

 nat'u'ka to hesitate; nat'u'kya t'awa'c'i his mind was in a hesitating mood 



hlo'ka to be perforated; yuhlo'kya in the condition of having been perforated; yuhln'k perforating 

 spa'ya to be wet; yuspa'yeya e'g.naka he put it away it having been wetted; yuspaya yustq he finished 



wetting it 



