138 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MEMO fvoL A xxin 



suta firm; yusu'taya no! z\ it stands having been made firm; yusu'ta yustq he finished making it firm 

 ma'niyq 'it' he is restless (in a walking condition) 

 'ona'p'eya in a manner of being a place of refuge 

 k'ap'e'ya surpassingly 



Also: -Icahya (from ka ga to make) with the meaning of "representing"; wic'd ' sa-kahya waspa'pi repre- 

 senting a man (i. e., in the form of a man) they cut it out 



The subordinate ending- -ya follows the negative sni: 



ksa' pesniyq unwisely;- — hpeca' sniyq energetically 



The future does not form a subordinate form, but is expressed by the verb with future 

 particle followed by iteya evidently. 



yi'kla-ileya leye" evidently he will go, for he said this 

 (yi'ktelak'a leye" means the same) 



The following are also adverbial forms of verbs expressing synchronous relations. 

 '%' by means of, on account of; this is the verb V to use. 



'oma'nipi '%' watu'k'api with travelling about they get weary 



wahte'lasni 'u' 'alo'slos hig.le" on account of considering him not good she suddenly shivered (for fear) 



47.15 

 li'la 'oci'k'ayela k\ '%' 'iwq'yak h'qhi'ya 'u" on account of its being very narrow watchfully slowly he 



came 48.16 

 'ece'la 'it ni' yqka'pi by means of that alone they lived 198.4 



Another form, cty with a similar meaning, but expressing a superlative, cannot be associated 

 with a verb. The verb to which it belongs is nominalized. c'%' always bears an accent. 



'oma'nipi(ka) c\' watu'k'api by overmuch traveling about they got weary (critical of person, or com- 

 plaining) 

 wo'tapika c'u' wana' 'ig.lu'hasni by eating too much now he cannot handle himself (cannot move) 



This may be strengthened by sehq' following c'y,'. 



c'e'yapi(ka) c'u sehq wab.le' s-wayesni' by having to wail so much by this time I have no clear eyesight 

 ' oma' nipi(ka) c'% sehq' watu'k'api c'e 'eya'pi k\ with traveling about by this time they got weary 

 (c'e indirect discourse quotative), so they say (depreciating expression) 



c'y,' may be a contraction of k% and '% although this would not explain the change from & to 

 c; compare 'eya'wkec'e'hca (<^eya'pike c{ 'e'hca) it is verily a kind of saying, "that is what you 

 say"; — cHye'ku g.li'pi k'e'l owi'c^akiyaka — (k'e'l<Cki 'e'l on his brother's return there he told them 

 66.4; — wqya'ke c'e'l 'oki'yake (<^ci 'e'l) upon seeing him opportunely he told him 



'o'p with several persons, from 'o'p'a to join, participate: 



wic'a'sa 'iyu'ha k'u'ku 'o'p zuya yewi'c'asipi' all men with their mothers-in-law to go to war they are 



ordered 8.9 

 nile'ksi 'o'p le'l watH" with your uncles I lived here 90.4 

 li'la 'o'p c'qte' waste" very with them his heart was good 90.17 



kic'i' with one person (we'cHca I am with him, derived from an obsolete verb k%). (See p. 79.) 



kinas ina'-t'oka^p'a k% kic'i' le' sni? in that case with my eldest mother's sister (why) don't you go? 9.1 

 wik'o'skalaka wq k'oska'laka wq kic'i' yoke" a girl with a boy was sitting 193.16 



g.na obsolete verb (see 'aki'g.na a bird broods): 



'ak'i'g.na in layers; kig.na to comfort; 'ng.na' unexpectedly 



'ag.na' added on: 



sina'-hisma wq hq'pa k'eya' 'ag.na' mak'u" a fur blanket some moccasins added on he gave me 



wic'a'sa k% miya'g.na ma'nV the man went following me 



'ag.na' nu,wq'pi 'itspe'sni k{ he '%" moreover her not knowing to swim that on account of it was 47.8 



'e'g.na among: 



c'qwe'g.na wo spihe' she was picking berries among the woods 

 t'iwe'g.na among the tipis 



