140 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MEMOI [voL A xxin 



'aksa' — ka expresses the idea "admitted that something is the case, something else would be 



preferred." 



' aksa -wa% siyalaka you have pity (but better still, take me home) 112.3; — 'aksa' -waste' ka wo'h'qhihike' 

 admitted that he is good; but he is slow; — 'aksa -p'ila' mayeca 'eha's 'o'ta mak'u" he did me a favor 

 (to be sure) but too much he gave me 



'aksa'ka unfortunately, expressing an attitude of the speaker, is independent: 



'aksa'ka he'l k'use'ya wi'yq wq but for this one drawback, unfortunately there a woman obstructing 

 the way 109.9 (44.17) 



'i'Rql ('i'hqtu it is temporary, not to be taken seriously): 



'i'hql-'eye' he said it not meaning it 78.14; — 'i'hqhq-hi' he came not meaning to stay 



'itu'(ya) (also 'otu'ya, 'utu'ya) hi vain: 



'itu'ya-hi' in vain he arrived; — 'itu'h'q' he gave away ceremonially; — 'itu'-mak'o^skql wae'ye' without 

 anything to back his statement he said something (mak'o'skqtu middle of the country; hewo'skqtu 

 middle of the wilderness) 



Also independent, when separated from the verb by another adverb: 



'itu'ya he'l mqka'he' in vain there I was sitting; — 'itu'ya t'e'hqtqhq wahi'' or t'e'hqtqhq 'itu'ya-wahi' I 

 come from far away for nothing 



'it'u'se notwithstanding, however much it may be (cf. isu'fe S): 



('it'u'seka in spite of everything, independent); — 'it'u'se-ksa'peca he'l g.lusna" however wise he may be, 

 he erred there 



'isna' alone ('isna'la independent) ('is he adversative, -na, see p. 121, no. 24): 



'isna'-ksap-'ic'ila he considers himself alone wise; — 'isna'-t'i (woman) lives alone Muring taboo period) ; — 

 'isna'-zuya '%' he went on the warpath alone; — 'isna' -wak'u wa chasing (buffaloes) alone (a name) 



'ikta'hela (-kta) backward, less; see he'kta in the rear, 'iha'kta to be held back by attraction; 

 haki'kta to look back): 



'ikta'hela ska'ta yo' less-vigorously play! 'ikta'hela-ska'ta yo' do a-less-vigorous playing!; — sehqs 

 'ikta' hela-waka" kisyiktelak'a well then, evidently he will be giving less trouble, for — ; — 'ikta'hela- 

 'istfma yti'k'q's nah'ti'kta tk'a" if he had slept less (soundly) he would have heard it; — sehqs 'ikta'- 

 hela- ist\me e\hq nah'n'kie' if this time (contrary to his habits, speaker's opinion) he will sleep less 

 (soundly), he will hear it; — 'ikla hela-'istfmece c'u\ as though he would sleep less! (i. e., restrain from 

 sleeping; k\ as known from past experience) 



Independent: 'ikta'hela ec'%' wo' do it less vigorously!;' — le'-'qpe'lu k\ 'ikta'hela 'ec'ufkte' today he will do 

 it less 



lig.na' by chance 



'ttg.na'hqla unexpectedly: 



'%g.na' hqla-'uma' si' he ordered me to come abruptly; — 'tig.na'hqla 'uma'si' unexpectedly on my part he 

 asked me to come; — \g.na'hqla hi" he came unexpectedly (i. e., I did not foresee his coming); — 

 '%g.na'hqla-hi' he came making up his mind unexpectedly 



t'oka' first, always subordinate, except t'oka' 'ekta', t'oka' k'lfJiq' in the beginning: 



le' Voka'-kd'gapi he is this the first one made? — t'oka'-'ahtyaCi first you made camp 249.1; — he' t'oka'- 

 p'a-yuha' she had that one in the manner of a first-born; — he' t'oka'p'a yuha' that one as the first 

 one she had 



nake', nake's just a little while; make' independent, implies that the speaker considers the 

 action as done too late, or at the last moment: 



nake '-ma' nila he was just walking a little while; — nake -k'oska'laka he had just come to be a young 

 man; — le' na 'kenyla- " wani'ye lo' I am alive only for a short time (said by a warrior spurring his 

 courage) 49 (cf. na'ka le'c'ecasni k'ti long ago it was not like this) 



* 7 Also nake'nula. 



18 From a song, Natalie Curtis, The Indian's Book, 1907, 1923, p. 51. 



