academy of sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 145 



No. 2] *-^-<j 



tk'a's but, implying that the verb following tk'a's' has the approval of the speaker or that the 

 results are according to his expectation or hope. 



H'ya 'iya'ye-wac'i tk'a's 'oyu'spapi' Iya wanted to go, but they caught him 105.13. — maka' wq p'ah\' wq 

 kic'i' 'u'pi tk'a's kat'a' 'ihpe'wic'aye' a skunk accompanying a porcupine came, but striking them 

 dead he laid them 172.14; — 'ap'e'-wac'i tk'a's kag.na'ye' he tried to strike him, but missed; — 

 yup'q'p'qla-wac'qmi tk'a's (or k'e'yas) he'c'ena suta" I tried to soften it, but it remained stiff (as 

 I expected) 



k'e'yas (after a changed to e, c'e'yas) but, indifferent attitude: 



wi'yq wq 'e'l hina'zj k'e'yas 'a'tayas 'ayu'tasni skq'he' a woman at that place came and stood, but entirely 

 not looking at her he continued to work 171.9; — he'c'ena 'iya'yikte c'e'yas li'la 'oka'kisya at once he 

 was going to go on but very much she insisted 109.15; also 254.12; — wic'o't'ita g.W k'e'yas ho'c'okata 

 ku sni he came back to the camp but did not go into the center of the camp circle 255.12 



sk'a' in spite of, contrary to expectation or wish; apparently always followed by active verbs: 



wa-sma' sk'a' t'qka'l ska' t%ktehci' the snow is deep and yet he wants to play out of doors; — 'iyo'wak'isni 

 sk'a' he'c'ena 'iya' ye' in spite of my forbidding him he went anyway (also yesq' instead of sk'a); — 

 suta' sk'a' yakse'' in spite of its being hard he broke it by biting 



tk'a's is used with both active and neutral verbs (see examples under tk'a's) ; — in spite of its being sum- 

 mer it is cold, cannot be expressed by sk'a.-b.loke' tusni s'e 'osni" as though it were not summer it 

 is cold; or bloke' tu k'e'yas 'osni" it is summer, but it is cold 



(ye)sq 61 but, implying disapproval of the verb following yesq as contrary to the proper action. 

 After verbs which change a to e the terminal e and ye contract to e so that the ending is sq'. After 

 terminal o, u, % of the stem yesq' changes to wesq.' (See p. 11.) With plural pi it is contracted 

 to form pesq'. 



k'u tk'a's' akta'sni' he gave it to him but he did not accept it (and that was right); — k'u' k'e'yas 'akta'sni' 

 (indifferent) ; — k'u' wesq' 'akta'sni' (and that was wrong) ; — tqyq's c'e'kiyesq' 'ayu'ptesni' correctly 

 he addressed her, yet she did not answer 87. 5;-t'a'wasni yesq' 'aksi ze' it was not his, but he did not 

 surrender it;- — zuze'capesq' 'i's-'eya' c'e'yapelak'a but snakes they also evidently weep 238.4 



-ye's is less strong then -yesq' It does not disapprove of the person who does not do what is 

 expected; it rather exonerates the other person. 



we'c'o'we's hi' sni' even though I invited him (and so I have done my part) he did not come; — we'c'owesq' 

 hi' sni' I summoned him but he did not come (as he ought to have done) ; — 'o'wic'a kiye-wac'i'ye's 

 wica'lapisni' even though he wanted to help them they refused (he did all that could be expected of 

 him); — 'o'wic'akiye-wac'i'yesq' wica'lapisni' (blaming them for their refusal); — 'osni' k'e'yas tasa'- 

 kesni' it is cold but it is not frozen (statement of fact); — ' osni' yesq' lasa'kesni' (surprise at an un- 

 expected phenomenon) ;■ — 'osni' ye's tasa'kesni k'% nqke'hcaka tasa'ke' that which was not frozen even 

 though it was cold now at last it is frozen; — 'osni'ye's 'oma'k'ate c'% nqke' mac'u wita I who was warm 

 even though it was cold, now feel cold; — 'atku'kuwe's 'ana'goptqsni c'a he'c'e even his father he does 

 not obey, it being so, therefore; — wak'q' yezaye s hec'%' 'oki'hi even a child could do that; — wak'q'- 

 yezayesq' he'c'% 'oki'hi even though he is a child, yet he can do that 



kaye's is stronger than ye's: 



'atku'ku k% 'e'kaye's 'e'l 'e'Vqwesni' even his father does not look after him; — 'ate' 'e'kaye's nawa' h' y,sni' 

 not even to my father do I listen; — t'i'takuye nq hi(.ka'keki 'e'pikaye' sk'o' 'i't'ehqyq loqya'k na z\pi' 

 the relatives and even the parents also stood afar watching 230.17; — co'nala kaye's b.luha'sni' I have 

 not even a little; — ta'kukaye's yuha'ka c'a waka'hnihnih-c'i ke (hardly) anything even he has, such 

 being, he wants selected things, ridiculous! — tukte'tukaye's \'sniyesq' le'na k'es hpa'ye sni' (hardly) 

 any place even he does not live at, here instead why doesn't he stay? — 'iye'kaye's hi' s'a' even he 

 (although he has the right to be excepted) always comes; — 'iyes hi' s'a' he comes (and you others 

 do not think it worth while) 



« Compare yes (p. 29). 



