146 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MEMOI r K vo? A xxm 



k'es 62 but always: 



naku' 'iyu'kapi c'q'sna h\g.na'ku kic'i' hpa'ya k'es c'oka'ya 'ece'-%pa even whenever they went to bed she 

 lay down with her husband, but always she laid it down between them 275.5; — hiya", 'tict, 'ini'la 

 k'es 'ec'e'l 'ec'y.' wo' no, grandmother, but quietly do so 199.1;- — kiyq hiya'ya c'q' k'ute'pi k'es 

 tuwe'ni 'o'sni' k'% whenever it flies going past they shoot at it but nobody hits it 111.4 



k'ohq meantime, two related actions; also two actions performed by the same subject. 



k'ohq' paha' k% 'ok'a'pi meantime they dug in the hill 209.4; — iwi' c'akikcu c'qke k'ohq' k'u' sitkupi k\ 

 wip'a' k{ 'ec'e'kc'e 'ipa'ha 'e'g.le ske" she took them up, therefore meanwhile their grandmother 

 hoisted the tent flaps, it is said 196.17; — 'eya'ya nq k'ohq' 'ak'e' ' oka V apt' ap yqke' he said, and 

 meanwhile again making sign of contempt he sat 38.2 



'ic'u'hq while, at the same time, synchronous but disconnected actions; preceded by k\ 

 or k'%: 



hoksi'la k\ 'isna'la t'iya'ta yqke' c\ 'ic'ii'hq Mt\'kala wq ta'ku yak'o'gahq the boy alone in the tipi during 

 the sitting a mouse something was gnawing 96.2; — 'e'l m.ni' 'icu k\ 'ic'ii'hq b.le k% 'e'l 'ena'na ta'ku 

 k'eya' sapsa'pya hiye'ya c'a wqya'ka then during the water taking the lake on here and there some- 

 thing black here and there they were, it being so he saw them 223.15 (while he was taking water 

 he saw some black things appearing in the lake); — wo'yute wani'ce c% 'ic'ii'hq wikce'm.nac'q 'ica'- 

 m.na during the food-lacking it snowed for ten days 198.5; — heya'hqpi k\ 'ic'ii'hq k'iye'la s'e hiya'ya 

 during the saying-so it went somewhat near 29.10; — he'l nqka'he c'% 'ic'ii'hq le' waka'ge' during 

 your past sitting I made this 



c'a, before imperatives c'e, it being such, it being so: 



'ita'zipa wqh\kpe k'o' li'la waste' ste c'a yuha yqka'hq a bow, an arrow also very good, being such, having 

 he was sitting 25.2; — wana' 'ak'e' he' 'ikto' V c'a \g.na'yqpe lo now again thai Ikto he being so he 

 is deceiving us 30.6; — m.ni-'i't'qc'q ki li'la sme' lo' , c'a le'c'eya' loc'i'pi c'% mat'i'kte s'e le'c'eca ye lo' 

 the main current (water) is very deep, it being so at this time hunger by I shall die, as though it is 

 so 32.6, 7 



When a verb is conceived as a noun k\ is used rather than c'a: 



c'e'yapi ki nawa'h'% I heard the wails, the wailing; — c'e'yapi c'a nawi'c'awah'ii I heard them wailing 

 (they wailed, it being so, I heard them). 

 The use of c'a offers peculiar syntactic difficulties. It is used in Teton while the Yankton 

 always replace it by 'e to be. Its use may be further illustrated by the following examples: 



hake'la c'q' 'icu'kta c'a 'ina'p'e' Hakela about to get wood, it being so he went out 87.1; hake'la c'q' 

 'icu'kte c\ wqya'ke' Hakela saw the one who was about to get wood; c'q' 'icu' c'a hi'' having taken 

 (up) wood (land), it being so, he arrived here; c'q' 'icu' k\ hi'' the one whose business it is to get 

 wood arrived here;- — c'q' 'icu'pi k\ the act of getting wood; — 'i'yqkyqk g.licu' c'a wqya'ke' running 

 he came back, it being so, he saw him (he saw him running back) ; 'i'yqkyqk g.licu k% wqya'ke' he 

 saw the fact of his running back; wqzi' 'i'yqkyqk g.licu' ki he' wqya'ke' one who was running back, 

 that one he saw; — le' nitu'we c'a wau( siyala this you being somebody, it being so, you consider men 

 pitiful 89.1; le' nitu'we ki wa% siyala this one, the somebody you are, you consider men pitiful; — 

 le' tuwe' c'a this is somebody (who may that be?); — sina' wq 'a'taya wic'a'p'aha ksu'pi c'a g.lub.la'ya 

 a blanket entirely (with) scalps appliqued it being so she spread out her own 87.9. If wq were 

 substituted for c'a it would be an aside, an apposition to sina' wq. If ki were substituted it would 

 mean "that particular one among others" and would be followed by he'; — mas-'i'hwnicat'a wq 

 '14' p'a' -wic'a' kaksaksa k'y. he V c'a 'icu" a hammer using heads she had cut them off, that was 

 it, it being so, he took it 88.14; — g.li'pisni c'a le' \ki'snala 'liyq'ke' they did not come back, it 

 being so, this (is the situation) we alone we sit 90.5. This might also be: g.li'pisni c'a le '%ki'snala 

 \yq'ke c\ le'c'ecaye' they did not come back, it being so, this our sitting alone is this way; — wizi' 

 wq kaza'zapi c'a 'ot'%£ a yellow (old) tent cover slashed, it being such, he wore it 36.2; — wakpa' 

 wq 'ot'q'kaya nq sma' c'a 'e'l 'iyo'hloke a small river wide and deep, it being such, there it emptied 

 37.3 



It appears from these examples that while k% nominalizes the preceding phrase, c'a is a 

 conjunction connecting two phrases. The Yankton form 'e suggests that it may be an adverbial 

 form uniting verbs or phrases. It seems to indicate always an antecedent action or condition. 



« See k'e'i p. 159. 



