Academy of Sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 147 



With transitive verbs the noun preceding the clause ending in c'a is always object. 



hoksi'la k\ wic'a'sa wq niiwq' c'a wqya'ke' the boy saw a man swimming it being so; — wic'a'sa- t'qka 

 kj s'qk-sa'pa wq wqya'ke' the big man saw a black horse, or wic' a sa-t' qka k{ su'kak'q' wq sa'pa 

 c'a wqya'ke', or wic'a'sa wq t'q'ka c'a [siiksa'pa wq wqya'ka] ke'ye" the man being a big one said 

 [he saw a black horse]; here the phrase in brackets is taken up by the active, but not transitive verb 

 ke'ya' he said that;- — wic'a'sa wq ni[wq' c'a wqya'ke' can mean only: he saw a man swimming, not, 

 a man saw him swimming: n%wq' c'a wic'a'sa wq wqya'ke' he was swimming, it being so, a man saw him 



When a subject is to be emphasized as against another one, it may be verbalized by a pre- 

 ceding he'. 



he' wic'a'sa c'a hi" that one, being a man (not a woman) has arrived 

 In the same way the adjective is emphasized by c'a: 



wic'a'sa wq t'q'ka c'a hi! ye lo' a man being a big one has arrived; — wic' a' sa-t' qka wq hi'ye lo' a certain 

 big man has arrived 



c'a can never by followed by he', except when he' is an adverb. 



When c'a is final a following finite verb must be assumed to be omitted or an implied action 

 to be performed. 



le ta'kuhca k'a' c'a this whatever he means it being so (I do not know) ; i. e., this what he says has no 

 meaning (compare le ta'ku k'e" this one means something); — he' tuwe' c'a that who, it being so 

 (I should like to know); i. e., who may that be? — 'Wo' wana mi'cispq se'ca c'a well now mine is 

 done probably, it being so (then she turns to look at her boiling food) 174.18; — 'it'o' wana' g.li'pi 

 se'ca c'a well now they have come probably, it being so (then the speaker goes out to meet them) 



c'e is used instead of c'a before imperatives: 



ho, ' iwa n-qirikta c'e c'qk'a'hu-'akq'l 'ima'yotaka yo' now! I shall swim across, it being so (my) back 

 sit on me! 47.4;- — ho, c'qli' b.lab.lu'kta c'e taku'l kal'e'wac'i po' now! tobacco I will blow out, it being 

 so, try to kill something! 111.14; — mio'ye-c'atka'yatqhq k\ m.ni' 'og.na' h\'kta c'e 'i'nipuza c'q' 

 'aty'wq yo' in my left footprint water will stand, it being so when you are thirsty look for it! 185.15; 

 but 'oye'-c'atka'yatqhq k\ m.ni' 'og.na' hi'kta c'a 'i'mapuza c'q' b.lalki'kte' it being so when I am 

 thirsty I'll drink; — c'e 'e'l to'k'el h'q-wa'c'i yo' it being so, try to act in some way there 186.8; 

 but c'a 'e'l to'k'el h'q-wa'c'ikte' it being so, he will try to act in some way there 



c'q' whenever, when always; c'q'na Western Ogalala: 



'i'nipuza c'q' 'atu'wq yo' whenever you are thirsty look for it! 185.15; — tohq'tu c'q' t'e'hq-wac'tpi huu'o'f 

 at what time is it when always they dance a long time? 135.1; — tohq'l lowa'c'i c'q' wawa'te' whenever 

 I am hungry I eat; — m.ni' c'i' c'q'sna yatke' whenever he wanted water he drank 186.3 (sna see 

 p. 106); — wq ca-tq-wa" watesni c'q'sna ka'k'el 'ec'a'mu we! Whenever at a time I do not eat well, 

 I do this! 21.10 



yv'k'q's colloquially yu's, if, contrary to fact; followed generally by future, always by tk'a' ; 

 literally: lo and behold however — it would be, but not. 



'i'se' lehq'l ni' \' yu'k'q's 'ani'lowqpi tk'a' ye' if only now he were alive (he would see to it that) you 

 would be sung over 15.8; — wac'i'ka yq'k'o^ s 'ehq'nihcj, c'ac'i'p'ikta tk'a' ye lo' if I had wanted, long 

 ago I should have stabbed you 71.2,3; — he'c'ehci 'i'ya t'akpe'-'ipisni yu'k'q's 'oya'te ki lehq'hy,- 

 niyq t'epwi c'ayah\kta tk'a in that very way if they had not arrived going to attack I'ya, the people 

 even up to now he would continue to cause them to be consumed 5.6; — was'a'ka yu'k'q's kte'pi(kle)- 

 hni tk'q' if he had been strong he would not have been killed 



hq'tqhqs if (hq -tqhq from, -s adversative): 



nq ta'ku to'k'a hq'tqhqs 'oya'ka yo' and if anything should happen, tell! 65.6; — mi's-'eya' wac'\ hq'tqhqs 

 yat'a'hena 'ic'i'cukte lo' if I also wish, with the mouth to this side I shall take you 1.8; — he' wqzi' 

 nawa'h'ti hq'tqhqs wq'cak 'e's 'e'na mal'i'kte lo' that one if I hear, at once then I shall die 104.4 



