148 DAKOTA GRAMMAK CMEMOI [voL A £xm': 



he'cihq or he'd if it is that, whether: 



wau' siyala he'cihq makdhlaya yo' you have pity, if it is that, peel me off! 118.19; — he'c'eca he'cihq 

 wand '%g.lu'stqpe lo' if it is so then now we have finished with it 104.5; — toe' c'a he' wd nicih\kta 

 he'cihq who being that kind that one will cook for you, if it is that, i. e., whoever will cook for you, 

 if there is one 81.13; — c'qti'heya he'cihq 'owo't'qla k'es 'og.la'kesni — (it reaches to the heart) she 

 covets him if that is the case directly instead why did she not tell (her own) 168.16; — to'k'el eha' 

 c'q'sna nit'q'ke 'u he'cihq 'ec'e'l 'eya' yo' in what way you say whenever your sister comes, if it is 

 that (or not) say now! 169.16; — tukte'-\md t'oke'ya hind p'ikta he'cihq he' 'ak'i'nicapi who of 

 the two first will come out, if it is that one or not, that they disputed 194.10 



Compare: 



'ot'u'weta ni'kta he'cihq 'ini'yiige' he asks you whether you are going to town; — 'ot'xi'weta nj'kta hq'tahqs 

 wani'sikte' if you should go to town he will ask you to do something for him; — 'ot'riweta le'cihq 

 wani'sikte' when you go to the city he will ask you a favor; — magdzu he'cihq slolwdya wac'i' I 

 should like to know whether it is raining; — magd zukta hq'tqhqs slolwdya wac'i' I should like to 

 (know) be informed in case it should rain 



k{hq when, future: 



'ec'dn%{sni kihq m.ni-mdhel 'ihpe'c'iyikte when you not do that, I shall throw you into the water 47.6; — 

 tohq'l t'ila' zata ho' p'imiciye cihq hehq'l hina'p'a yo' when behind the tipi I clear my throat, then 

 come out! 46.9; — tdku to'k'a kihq 'ana'makitq yo' when anything happens run to me! (compare 

 ta'ku to'k'a hq'tqhqs 'ana'makitq yo' if anything should happen run to me! 83.3) 



k' %hq when, past, also k'tf, ehq': 



t'e'hq'l Y k't^hq' when he had arrived far away 84.8; K — wana' 'ik'q'yela 'ih/dni k'lthq.' now when he 

 had come near 235.12; — yustq' k'uhq hoksi'la ki 'icu — when she had completed them the boy 

 took them 99.2 



The preceding elements correspond to English conjunctions, but it seems more proper to 

 consider the subordinating conjunctions as elements which nominalize the preceding phrase, 

 or in other cases, transform them into a unitary adverbial expression. It is important to note 

 in this connection that the English forms "in order to, because, before, after," are not expressed 

 by conjunctions but rather by phrases. Examples of these are: 



snihq literally not being, doing, expresses temporal antecedence: 

 magdzu snihq k'ig.ld it not raining go home! i. e., go home before it rains 



The same relation may be expressed by 'it*o'kap: 



wi hind p'ikte ci 'it'o'kap 'ozq'zq s'a the future appearance of the sun in regard to it first it always is 

 light; i. e., it gets light before the sun rises; — wa'tikte ci 'it'o'kap heya'p 'icu'we lo' what I was 

 going to eat in regard to it first away he took it; i. e., he took it away before I ate it 



Also: 



'i'ya le'c'el kte'pisni k'% he'hq li'la 'oya'te 'o'ta t'epwi'c'aye' I'ya thus they had not killed, at that time 

 many people he had caused them to be consumed, i. e., before they had thus killed Iya he had eaten 

 many people 105.19; — magd zu-'aktsni kihq wag.ni'kte' the rain dying down when I shall go, 

 i. e., after it stops raining I'll go; — iyd-'ig.hCstq c'qke' hehq'l mi's 'iwdye' to speak he finished and 

 so then I spoke, i. e., after he had spoken I spoke; — 'ag.nd niiwq'pi 'i^spe'sni ki he' '•& moreover to 

 swim she did not know that using, i. e., moreover because she could not swim 47.8; — li'la 'oci'k'a- 

 yela ki '%' 'iwq'yak h'qhi'ya 'u" very the narrowness using looking out with care he came, i. e., 

 because it was narrow he came moving carefully 48.16 



Compare: 



'uzi zitka hu' k'% he' \' rosebush stalks the aforesaid that using, i. e., with rosebush stalk 54.7 



k Text changed from /V/iq k'uhq'. 



