academt of sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 153 



No. 2] 



§ 167. WORD ORDER 



Word order in Dakota requires that all nouns or nominalized clauses are followed by their 

 qualifiers while all verbs are preceded by their qualifiers, excepting however all modal particles: 

 the negative sni (p. 105), the future kta (p. 105), the intensifying hca (p. 57), the diminutive fa 

 (p. 57), the qualifying ka (p. 55), the quotatives sk'a', Are" and c'e (p. 106); the articles ki,k'u,wq, 

 k'eya' (p. 133), the contradictory tk'a (p. 112); c'e (p. 106), and the declarative (p. 109), impera- 

 tive (p. Ill), optative (p. Ill) and interrogative (p. Ill) particles, the particle ki (p. 107), also 

 the particles s'e, n% s'e (p. 107), sna (p. 106), h%sc (p. Ill), k'es, yu'k'q's which follow sub- 

 ordinate verbs. 



In the texts many sentences occur that close with other suffixes or particles, but these must 

 be conceived as incomplete or as such phrases which in loose speech are introduced as an after 

 thought. For instance: 



(1) ta'ku wqzi' Hwa hoc'iy%kte lo' (2) he'c'el 'y,' wakta'kel yau,'kta c'a 11.4 would be in formal speech 

 inverted: (2) that way on account of expecting it you will live, that being so (1) one thing I shall 

 warn you against 



(1) 'ina' wana ni'c'oumasi ye lo' (2) t'qke' kicH' ya-qkta c'a 15.11 also should be inverted: (2) my elder 

 sister with you will live that being so (1) my mother now asks me to invite you; — he'c'el kic'i' g.lustq 

 c'a — toh'q'l t'ila'zata ho -p'imiciye c{hq hehq'l hina'p'a yo' ;' uki' yayikte — 'eya'ke". 46.9 Thus with 

 her he settled — "When behind the tent I clear my throat then come out; we shall go!" — he said 

 it is said. Here the whole quotation interrupts the sentence. The main part after c'a continues 

 with 'eya' 



In the idiom ta'kuhca k'a' c'a 16.9 a following leya'he is omitted: what indeed he means it being that kind 

 this is what he is saying, i. e., what does he mean talking this way! — le' ta'ku k'a' pi c'a! the same, 

 plural 20.6; — 'ekta' wic'a'b.le lo' , hena' wic'a'wag.lulikla c'a 2.7 there I shall go. Those I shall eat 

 them my own that being so — implies that the first part "there I shall go" which belongs to the 

 preceding sentence has not been repeated; — le' 'ina'wahni c'es 'ep'e'sq' 20.8 this "I am in a hurry 

 indeed" I said but; i. e., but I said I am in a hurry, implies a following: yet they persist!; — 'o'we 

 hq'hqpila s'a k'% wana' 'ak'e' they are always joking, now again, implies a following "they are at 

 it"; — nakii' spq'sni hiye'ye c'% 'iyu'hala 27.12 also what not cooked lay about, all of that, implies a 

 repetition of the preceding t'epya'pi' they ate it up; — tok'e naya h'ysniyelak'a how is it, evidently 

 you have not heard about it, implies a following "for else you would not ask me"; — 'qpe'tu-le"- 

 c'ecaka c'a 'e'l mat'i'kta h%se this kind of a day it being so, in it I shall die evidently 1.3, implies a 

 following "for I met this monster"; compare t'e'sni h-qse p'eta'ga 'ona'b.leb.lel kikta' hiya'ya evidently 

 he w y as not dead for, scattering the embers with his feet jumping up he went 23.10; — wqya'kapi ye't'o 

 29.8 just look ye! t'o is probably abbreviated from S. 'it'o'k'ehq (<i'it'o'k'% ehq') at the time 

 previous to it, and might be translated by "just" or "will you": 'eya' na t'o just say it; repeat it, will 

 you? Initially also 'it'o' 'eya' na t'o now then, just repeat it; this might perhaps be included among 

 the particles following the finite verb; — 'ina'-iyokihe ki he' 'i's to'k 9.2 my mother's next younger 

 sister that one, what about her. Here to'k is abbreviated from the verbal to'k'a it is some way; 

 which way is it? — 'e's to'k 26.5 how about it, lit. indeed it being some way; to'k for to'k'a 



A number of abbreviated verbs are fouud in terminal position: 



'iya'ya nac'e'c'a ke'ye" he says that probably he has gone; lit. he went it is evident, that he 

 says; — tuwe'ni c'uw^tku-g.hizeini nac'e'c'e' nobody marries his own daughter it is likely 17.2; — 

 Abbreviated: to'k'el 'iya'ya nac'e'l somewhere he went, who knows? also to'k'el 'iya'yeca c'e'l 17 A 

 the same meaning; — to'k c'e'l who knows? (answer to a question<Jo'fc'a c'e'l) 



The noun is followed by the article: 



wic'a'sa ki the man, wic'a'sa wq a certain man, wic'a'sa k\ the aforesaid man 

 Nominalized verbs are treated in the same way. 



k'oska'laka waste'ste hena'la ki iyu'ha youths those all who are fine ones 53.3; — p'e'ta hiyo'ilalapi k\ 

 slolye" he knew your past going to get fire 40.10 



The noun is followed by the adjective which loses its accent: 



taku'ku-cikcik'ala little things 239.15; — 'i'yq-b.laska'ska flat stones 241.10; — s%k-sa'pa-g.Wska wq 

 a black-spotted horse 258.5; — 'eha'ke-'ag.lfpi k'% he' the one brought last 55.7 



