154 DAKOTA GRAMMAK [MEMOI [vo? A xxin 



The temporal forms k{hq when (future) and k't^hq' or k'u he'hq' when (past) are derived 

 from the article and the verb hq' to stand, continue. They also follow the phrase to which they 

 belong and are analogous in their function to the articles following phrases. 



t'iya'ta yak'i' k\hq maki' yuinalini' the time when you arrive there home, hurry for my sake 243.17- 

 244.1; — tohq'l 'ekta wic'a'yaipi kihq le'c'ehci hiyy,' kapikta the time when you arrive 

 there to them, in this very way they will come to lie 237.16; — wana' 'ik'q'yela 'ihif'ni k'rihq' 

 ma zawak'q' 'apa'ha yu za at the time when now near he arrived there, the gun aiming (brandishing) 

 at him he held 235.12 



Other "conjunctions" belong to the same category, such as yu'k'q's, hq'tqhqs, if etc. These 

 will be found treated on pages 144 et seq. 



It has also been pointed out (p. 144) that the coordinating nq belongs sometimes to the pre- 

 ceding clause, while yn'k*q' then (unexpectedly), and c*qke' and so, are independent and stand 

 at the beginning of the phrase. 



In quite a number of cases some of the postpositional conjunctions open a sentence. In all 

 these cases the flow of speech is interrupted, but the relation is still to the preceding. 



he'c'el 'ec'y,'k'%pi hq'tqhqs {wo'%spe wq 'oya'te ki wic'a'%kicagapikta c'a heya'pe'.) k{hq wic'a'sa nq 

 ivi'yq kic'i' yuzapi thus we do if (a lesson the people we shall have made for them it being so they 

 say ; woman speaking.) When man and woman take each other in marriage 23 1 . 1 6. In this example 

 both hq'tqhqs if, and k\hq when, refer to the preceding he'c'el 'ec'%k\pi 



In the same way we have: 



ta'ku k'eya' sapsa'pya hiye'ya c'a wqya'ka ske''. k'e'yas hena' '%'ya-t'q'ka ke'c'i' some things black lay 

 there, being that kind he saw them, it is said. However these were large stones, he thought 

 223.15 This might as well be wqya'ke c'e'yas the two sentences being drawn together. 



The finite verb has always terminal position. It is preceded by all adverbs including sub- 

 ordinate verbal forms, each verbal form modifying the following one. The finite verb includes 

 the modal particles mentioned before. 



'i'l'ap ka'h yustq" promptly making it he finished it 48.12; — c'qku' 'iwq'yakyak 'oka 'w\hw\h-'iy<fya 'u" 

 the road watching here and there, in many turns going, he came 67.4; — 'u'siya yut'q't'q 'iyo'tiye'kiya 

 'oma'nihq pitifully feeling about, suffering agonies he was walking about 34.11 



Position of subject and object 



The object is closely connected with the verb. This appears particularly in terms expressing 

 habitual actions in which the accent unites object and verb. The regular order in sentences 

 containing nouns is subject, object, verb. The finite verb has always final position. The order 

 of pronouns in transitive verbs is the reverse: the object precedes the subject except for the dual- 

 plural uni we-thee and the third plural animate object which always precedes. (See p. 76.) 



hake'la c'q' 'icu'kta the youngest one was going to get wood 87.1; — hy,'ku k\ s%ka'ku wqwi'c'ag.laka 

 his mother saw her younger brothers 91.1; — '\yq-hoksila hoksi' -c'qlkiyapi top wic'a'kte Stone- 

 Boy killed four children-beloved 91.16 



Nominalized phrases are in the same order. 



w%'yq k'lt he' sina' wq 'a'taya wic'a'p'aha ksu'pi c'a g.lub.la'ya the woman that one a blanket entirely 

 with scalps appliqu£d being of that kind she spread out her own 87.9 



t'ahi's-pa k'eya' W'ihu'pa yuk'q'\c'as '% hqp-ka' gegepi s'a k'i{,\\he'c'a wq li'la waste' napsi'l hiyu" some 

 awls || handles are to them|being indeed that kind (c'as) using moccasins they sew always those in 

 the past||one being of that kind very good jumping on its own accord started to come. Here k'eya' 

 some, and the clause beginning with 'ihu'pa and ending with k'% are attributive to t'ahi'spa awl: 

 Some awls having handles, of the kind with which they used to make moccasins; he'c'a it is that 

 kind, summarizes the complex subject; with wq a certain one of that kind, li'la waste' must be con- 

 ceived as adverbial, na-psi'ca adverbial na-psi'l jumping of its own accord; hiyu started. Freely 

 translated: certain awls having handles, such as were used for sewing moccasins, a very fine one 

 of that kind jumped out 59.3 



Slit kjy ohlo'ka wq kah-wi'c'asi k'u\hetq'hq pa't'q'kal hiyu' ye' . s\te' k{ . . . hiyu'ye' is the simple form of 

 this sentence: the tail he caused to start coming; 'ohlo'ka . . . k\ belongs to the verb; 'ohlo'ka 

 wq ka'ga he made a hole; 'ohlo'ka wq kah-wi'c'asi he ordered them to make a hole; with k'lf, the hole 

 which he had ordered them to make; he' summarizes the preceding phrase, he'tqhq from that one; 



