academy of Sciences] MOKPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 157 



NO. 2J J-V« 



§ 169. THE PLURAL 



1. When the subject is an animate being the verb takes the suffix -pi. 

 wic'a sa k{ hi' pi the men have come; — h\hq k{ hot'ti'pi the owls are hooting 



When the plural of the animate subject is strongly emphasized it may be verbalized by taking 

 the suffix -pi: wic'a'sapi they are men. Then it may assume the function of a relative clause. 



wic'a'sapi k\ hena' kic'i'zapi the ones who were men, those fought; — ioic' [' capila k{ 'iyu'ha ska'lapi the 

 ones who were little girls all played; — hoksi'pila k\ lena suk-'a'kq yqka'pi the ones who are little 

 boys these ride horseback 



As indicated before, the suffix -pi is used when animate nouns are used in the plural predica- 

 tively: hena' sy,'kak*q.'pi those are horses. 



2. When the subject is an inanimate noun the plural is expressed by reduplication of the 

 verb. 



c'q'ki hq'skaska the trees are tall; — c'qwa'pe k\ snisni za the leaves are withered; — mi'la k\ p'ep'e'sni 

 the knives are not sharp 



When the inanimate subject is accompanied by an adjective expressing plurality the verb is 

 not usually reduplicated: 



c'q' k\ 'iyu'ha hq'ska all the trees are tall 



3. The plural of the animate object is expressed by the prefix roic'a- them. 



hoksi'la k% s%'kak'q' k\ wic'a'kahape' the boy drives the horses; — yasle k\ zizi'c'a k\ unc'a'k'uwa the coy- 

 ote chased the turkeys 



Since wic'a is the third person plural object, phrases without nominal subject and with 

 animate object are ambiguous in regard to the plurality of subject or object. 

 sii'kak'q ki wic'a'k'uwa the horse chased them, or he chased the horses 



4. The plural of the inanimate object must be expressed by means of adjectives expressing 

 plurality. 



§ 170. COMPOUNDING 



The methods of compounding have been discussed on pages 67 et seq. It remains to summarize 

 the syntactic values of compounding which have been touched upon incidentally with the formal 

 side of the process. 



1. Nouns are compounded when the first expresses the material of which the object is made 

 (p. 68); and when the second noun is a qualifier of the first (p. 68). 



2. Neutral verbs performing the function of adjectives are compounded with the noun 

 which they follow (p. 69). 



3. The object is compounded with the verb when habitual activities are expressed (p. 70). 



4. A number of nouns appear only as dependent stems and are compounded in initial posi- 

 tion with verbs and with other nouns (p. 70). A number of monosyllabic nominal stems are 

 treated in the same manner (p. 72). 



5. Verbs are compoimded when they form a unit concept. This happens regularly when a 

 subordinate verb follows in time the finite verb (as a purpose or intention, like our infinitives) 

 (p. 74.) 



6. Many adverbs that are felt to form a firm unit with the verb are compounded with it 

 (pp. 73 et seq., 137 et seq.). 



It has been pointed out before (p. 74) that subordinate verbs that express synchronous 

 actions, corresponding to our present participle, take adverbial form but are not compounded 

 with the finite verb. They retain their accent. 



When the adverbial form has an instrumental prefix it has often an intransitive or passive 

 meaning. 



yuit'k ihpe'ya to pull down into a lying position; literally being pulled down, or after pulling it down he 

 left it; — paii'k ihpe'ya to push down into a lying position; — yui'yotak ihpe'ya to pull down into a 

 sitting position; — pai'yolak ihpe'ya to push down into a sitting position; — yuo g .mus 65 b.lu'za I 

 hold it drawn tightly together; — kawi'h k'ina'zipi after turning in their course they went and 



= gmiiza always neutral. 



