158 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [memoirs national 



- lt "-' [Vol. XXIII, 



stood 130.6 (kawi'ga); — kawe'h g.lihpa'ya in a broken state it fell to the ground 179.13 

 (kawe'ga); — 'ipa'weh yu za he holds it being pushed out of the straight course; — yai'paweh eya 

 he says it misleading (the hearers) (double prefix); — kao'b.lel iye'ya she sent it hanging down 

 loosely 51.11, 177.3 (kao'b.leca); — kai'yok'iheya 'ece'-'opH' 'ic'iya yo' always keep yourself in second 

 place! ('i'yok'ihe to stand next to someone, 'ak'i'hq to become joined on to; 'o'k'ihe joint) (only with 

 ka); — 'ai'yopteya direct, facing straight towards (ya, yu, wo, ka) (see -pta to cut through, break 

 through a flat thing; 'o'pta across (a room, field), 'iyo'pteya going across); yaa'iyopteya 'iye'ya he 

 straightened it out by straight forward talk; kaa'iyopteya ku" he comes returning directly; — 

 yupta'ya yu ze' he holds them taken as a whole {pta ya several together; yu, no other prefixes); — 

 (see kapta' to cut through; 'opla'ye a group of living beings) 



The accompanying verbs may be quite varied, but in many cases they are verbs of position 

 or motion. These may express a static condition, a sudden action (perhaps momentary), or 

 duration. According to their meaning we find: 



yu by pulling, pa by pushing, na by inner force, generally followed by verbs expressing a 

 static condition or duration, such as yu' za to hold, na' ' z\ to stand, 'iya'ya to go by, 'a'ya gradually; 

 but those expressing sudden action, like 'iye'ya to send, 'ihpe'ya to abandon, may also occur. 

 ya with the mouth, wo from a distance, na with the foot, ka by striking are generally followed 

 by verbs expressing a sudden action or the result of a movement such as 'iye'ya to send, 'ihve'ya 

 to abandon; also with hi' to arrive coming, g.li' to arrive coming back here, kH' to arrive 

 going back there. 



Since a number of verbal stems have lost their finite forms they occur only in subordinate 

 forms with accompanying verbs, for instance: 



kah'o'l iye'ya he tossed it away (from an unused verb kah'o'ta, stem h'ot-); — iya'yup'aK icu' he takes 

 it up, held in a heap (from an unused verb iya'yup'aga, stem p'a'g-; see however p'ahla' to tie into 

 a bundle); — ic'i'cawi ku' he is returning coming home (from an unused stem w{; with prefixes 

 ya, yu, wo, na, pa, ka) 



§ 171. PARTICLES EXPRESSING MOOD OF SPEAKER 



The article (see p. 133) is used in conversation to express the emotional attitude of the speaker 

 towards remarks or questions addressed to him. wq expresses agreement, k\ and k'u disagree- 

 ment. The feeling may be intensified by adding the adversative s (see p. 108) to wq and k\. 



wana' '%y% kte' ! — t'o'wa's le' wag.lu'stq kte c\ let us go now! — But first I will finish this; apparently there is 

 a suppressed thought following this: leya' he' she keeps on saying this (and annoying me) ; — 'i'se' 

 lena' 'olo'ivala c'a wak'%' k{ (ta'kuhca k'a'pi c'a) just these little songs such I carry (what do they mean 

 asking me all the time!) 20.5; — le' 'ina'hni-omdwani k\, le' ta'ku k'a'pi c'a this my hurriedly- 

 travelling, this what do they mean! 20.6; — wic'a'sa 'iyu'ha le' tukte'l wq'k'apila k\ all men have 

 somewhere they have some weakness 26.6 



If the disapproval is stronger k\s is used instead of k\. 



k'e'yas 'oma'k'qsni fcj's but I have no time! 67 (literally: there is no space for me) ; — 'ina", ni'kta he? — hiya' , 

 m.ni' ktesni k\s 68 Mother, are you going? No, I am not going!; — 'ina", ni'kta he? — tos, m.ni' kta 

 wqs 69 Mother, are you going? Yes, of course, I am going; — ni'kte'sni he? tos mni'ktesni wqs are 

 you not going to go?- — Yes (English: no) I am not going to go; — wana' %yi' m — hiya'le'na ma 

 kj'kte' let us go now! — No here I shall stay. This is a simple statement of fact, with c\s instead of 

 glottal stop at end it indicates opposition to the proposal. 



c\ and k'u always imply hiya" no, wq implies tos yes 



k'u as a terminal implies that the person addressed is familiar with the contents of the state- 

 ment. 61 



he'c'ii c l q'sna t'e'hqhq g.li' sni k\ whenever he does so, he (always) stays away a long time, as you know 

 239.12; — ty'wenis le'c'ecasni k'%. tohq'l ku' c'q's rvo'g.lag.lak wi'hahaya g.liyq'ke s'a k\ he was never 

 like this, as you know. Whenever he came home he arrived talking pleasantly; — hoksi'pina, 

 miye' c'ikasni c'e 'ec'i'ciyapi k'li boys, I am not alone, I said to you, as you remember, (Santee) 



wqs also implies that a question is unnecessary, that the questioner ought to know the 

 answer. It is also used to express a sudden surprise, a shock or bad news. 



87 Also: tase' oma'k'qka. 



88 Also tase' m.ni'kteca. 

 88 Also m.ni'ktes'nilca. 



80 Short instead of nyi'kle. 



fl i Compare the use of terminal k'u in quotation (p. 109). 



