10 OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS ACADEMY MEMBERS IMw "W A xxia 



tend to further diminution, both as to mass and in lateral extension; but in rare cases they may, 

 even in an otherwise high-class but muscularly powerful individual, show a development that 

 approaches more or less the old neandertaloid condition. 



In the old Americans at large these ridges in general are more or less subdued, but here and 

 there in individuals they may show a strong development and even an approach to an arch. In 

 the members of the Academy the ridges were found predominantly of submedium to but feeble 

 development; but there were a few exceptions. The detailed records showed the following 

 conditions: 



Table 10. — The supraorbital ridges 



There are, evidently, some differences of significance in the three groups. The members of 

 the Academy show a considerably larger proportion of subdeveloped ridges than do the old 

 Americans at large, while the proportion of the more pronounced ridges remains much the same in 

 the three series. The two groups within the Academy differ but slightly. It appears from the 

 above that in persons of lifelong intense intellectual activities the supraorbital ridges on the 

 whole tend to develop less than they do in the old Americans at large. If, in a small proportion 

 of intellectual workers the ridges nevertheless reach a rather marked degree of development, 

 such occurrences may be attributed, it would seem, either to strong general muscular and skel- 

 etal development due to work or exercise, or perhaps to a special hereditary transmission in 

 this character. 



Eyeslits 



There is but little to say in this connection. The members of the Academy gave practically 

 the identical records with the outside old Americans; viz: 



Table 11. — Eyeslits 



' In 1 on right only. > On right only. 



In no one in any of the series was there any trace of epicanthus. 



Eyelids 



Nothing uncommon in this respect was presented by the members. In the older ones the 

 eye aperture in occasional subjects showed diminution and the upper lids showed more or less of 

 folding and overhang, but all this was as is usual at such ages. 



Eyes 



In some of the old members the eyes as a whole were deep set; but this is a well-known old- 

 age characteristic, especially perhaps in intellectual workers. It is due partly to diminution in 



