academt or scences] OBSERVATIONAL DATA 17 



Viewed in this light the results of the observations on pigmentation in the members of the 

 Academy lose much of what may have seemed exceptional. What remains unexplained is the 

 absence among the 150 members of the Academy of true reds in hair and beard with the con- 

 comitant "rosed" skin and peculiar constitution; and of high blonds. Both of these types, though 

 scarce, occur in the old American population at large. Their absence in the Academy may be 

 accidental, though the odds are against this; or they may be associated with temperaments or 

 other qualities which lead their possessors into lines of activities that are not represented in 

 the Academy. 



Forehead. — In the development of the forehead the academicians show in no important 

 respect anything exceptional. Somewhat sloping foreheads, if anything, appear rather more 

 frequent among them than among the old Americans at large. 



Supraorbital ridges; the malars and the jaws; angles of the lower jaw. — In all these features 

 the members of the Academy show, on the average, a somewhat weaker development than that 

 presented by the old Americans outside, who in turn have shown somewhat weaker average 

 development of these parts than is found in the more recent and laboring contingents of the 

 population. These are differences of merely ontogenetic nature, due to social conditions that 

 involved in these different groups different amounts of work, particularly that of the organs of 

 mastication, whence their stronger or weaker development. In those members of the Acad- 

 emy who had been brought up on the farm or had otherwise in youth worked or exercised 

 hard, the parts under consideration were found as well developed as in the outsiders of corre- 

 sponding occupations. The supraorbital ridges may show strength or weakness also phylogenet- 

 ically, yet their development in general is also subject to ontogenetic conditions. 



The palpebral fissures (or eyeslits). — Members of the Academy, both groups, give identical 

 showing with the old Americans at large — in 97 to 98 percent the fissures are horizontal or near, 

 in 2 to 3 percent slightly to somewhat oblique (external canthi higher). 



Nasal root. — The members of the Academy of more recent European extraction have shown 

 a greater tendency to a shallow or no depression at the nasal root than have the old Americans 

 either within or outside the Academy. The point is of no great importance and the showing may 

 possibly be accidental ; if not then it must be connected with the derivation of the subjects. 



The nose. — The shape of the nasal ridge presents some difference in the two series of the acad- 

 emicians, those of more recent immigration showing markedly more straights with correspond- 

 ingly less of convex and concavo-convex forms; and both series differ from the old Americans 

 outside who show still less of straights, and a certain proportion of concaves which are absent in 

 the Academy. These latter differences are due to the materially lower age of the nonmembers; 

 those between the two groups of members can only be of hereditary and possibly racial causation. 



Nasal septum. — Differences in the inclination of the septum are in the main due to age, the 

 slant upward being the infantile, the slant downward the old-age character. In almost one- 

 fourth of the members of the Academy, both series, the septum showed more or less of a down- 

 ward inclination, which is twice as much and in the more pronounced cases more than three 

 times as much as found in the old American nonmembers; while with septa-inclined-upwards 

 conditions were even more markedly reversed. But the nonmembers averaged by over 20 years 

 the junior and included numerous young adults. 



Alveolar prognathism.. — Members of the Academy of both groups and the old Americans at 

 large gave similar records in this respect. In about 1 in 12 subjects in each group there was a 

 slightly to moderately above average slant of the upper alveolar process, but there was notliing 

 in either group, especially in the members, that would deserve the term prognathy. 



Lips. — Among the old made Americans at large, in 90.7 percent one or both lips were about 

 medium, in 0.7 percent submedium to thin, in 8.6 percent above medium; in the old American 

 members of the Academy 60 percent were about medium, 33 percent submedium to thin, and 

 7 percent above medium; in the members of more recent extraction there were but 50 percent 

 medium, 40 percent submedium to thin, and 10 percent above medium. The academicians of 

 both groups, it is plain, show a marked prevalence of lips of subaverage thickness. This doubt- 



