Academy or Sciences] 

 No. 3] 



MEASUREMENTS 



Table 35. — Diameter frontal minimum 



45 



Subjects 



Average 



Minimum 



Maximum 



Range of variation in percentage of the average 

 a 



cv 



Members of the Academy 



Old Americans 



100 



10. 59 ±0. 030 



9. 1 



11. 7 



U-65 



0. 446 ±0. 021 



4. 21 ±0. 20 



Not old Americans 



50 



10. 67 ±0. 045 



9. 8 



12. 



22. 49 



0. 476 ±0. 032 



4. 46 ± 0. 30 



Old Americans 



at large 



(laboratory 



series) 



247 



10. 59 



9. 3 



11.9 



2^.55 



DISTRIBUTION 



Old Americans (100) 



Not old Americans (50) . 



Percent 



2 



Percent 



Percent 



16 

 22 



Percent 



46 

 32 



Percent 

 32 

 38 



Percent 

 4 

 6 



11. 8-12 



Percent 



2 



The above data are very interesting. The dimension shows in both groups of the members 

 a remarkable aggregation about the mean. The average diameter shows slightly higher in the 

 academicians of European birth or more recent derivation, and both the average values of the 

 measurement as well as its variability are practically identical in the old Americans within and 

 those outside of the Academy. 



The slightly larger lower frontal breadth in the academicians of more recent derivation as 

 compared to those of old American descent is in all probability wholly due to the somewhat 

 broader head of the former ; the percental relation of the mean diameter frontal minimum to head 

 breadth in the not old Americans is 67.36, in the old American members 67.56, which shows there 

 is no real difference. 



The height and breadth of the forehead give the forehead index f — -^ — ) » and also an ap- 

 proximation of the forehead area (H X B), either or both of which may be useful in various 

 group comparisons. In the present case, with no appreciable difference in either of the 

 measurements between the academicians and the old Americans outside, these two deter- 

 minations would be superflous. 



THE FACE AS A WHOLE 



There are possible three main measurements of the face as a whole, namely the total or 



physiognomic height (menton-crinion), the lower or anatomical height (menton-nasion), and 



the greatest breadth (diameter bizygomatic maximum). These measurements in turn give us 



,. . , /Total height + Breadth Lower height + Breadth \ , . , 

 two mean diameters or modules I :s — = > SL ~x 1> which 



are useful for comparison with the mean diameter or module of the head ; and two indices, the 

 /Facial breadth X 100\ , .. . /Lower facial height X 100\ , . , 

 physxognomH Total facial height J and the anatomical (^- Facial breadth ) which 



are useful for group and racial comparisons. 



In addition, there are a number of possible secondary measurements of the face, the more 

 important of which are the height and the smallest breadth of the forehead, which have already 

 been dealt with; and the bigonial diameter, which gives the maximum external breadth of the 

 lower jaw. In dealing here with the different determinations on the face all possible effort will 

 be made to keep matters, which in this line could readily become involved, as clear as possible. 



