50 OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS ACADEMY MEMBERS tMEMO [v 0L N xxm" 



Table 38. — Facial breadth versus head breadth ' 



Members of the Academy 



Old Americans 



Not old Americans 



Old Americans 

 at large (except 

 mounta neers) 



Subjects 

 Average 

 a 



cv 



100 



89. 17±0. 160 



2. 31 ±0. 110 



2. 59 ±0. 12 



50 



18. 96 ±0. 190 



1. 96 ±0. 130 



2. 20 ±0. 15 



594 

 90. 10 



' See the following equation: 



Diameter bizygomatic maximum X 100 

 " Maximum breadth of head 



The above data show that absolutely the bizygomatic breadth in the members of the Acad- 

 emy is close to that of the more cultured old Americans in general. In relation to stature, 

 considering the academicians up to 60 years of age only, it is slightly less in the old American 

 members, slightly more (due probably to racial influences) in the not old Americans than in the 

 old Americans at large. Contrasted with bead breadth, with which facial breadth correlates 

 closely, its relative value is appreciably less (due to relatively greater value of head breadth) 

 in both groups of the members than in the old Americans at large. Thus the whole face in the 

 academicians is relatively slightly smaller than in the old Americans at large. The cause of 

 this is doubtless functional — less use in general of the apparatus of mastication. 



PHYSIOGNOMIC FACIAL INDEX 



This index is available in only the 32 cases in which the measurement of total facial height 

 was feasible. It compares thus with that of the old Americans in the general population: 



Table 39. — Physiognomic facial index ' 



Members of the Academy 



Old Americans 



Not old Ameri- 

 cans 



Old Americans 

 at large (except 

 mountaineers) 



Subjects 



Average 



Minimum 



Maximum 



Range of variation in percentage of the average 



25 



74. 37 



64. 7 



85. 1 



27. 52 



7 



73. 91 



(69. 9) 



(79. 3) 



{12. 73) 



443 



74. 18 



63.7 



85. 7 



29. 66 



i See the following equation: 



Diameter bizygomatic maximum X 100 . 

 Menton-crinion height 



The physiognomic or total facial index in the old American members of the Academy and 

 the old Americans at large is quite similar ; with the not old American members the comparisons 

 suffer through the inadequate numbers of the academicians, but there is no indication of any 

 material difference in the group. In 11 out of the 12 series of white immigrants to the United 

 States that were available for comparison when the volume on The Old American was in prepa- 

 ration, this index was higher than any of the above, ranging from 74.70 to 79.20, due to a rela- 

 tively greater facial breadth in these groups; 33 and so it was in 13 out of 14 European groups 

 reported upon by other observers, ranging in these from 74.70 to 78.90. All this shows that in 

 both the cultured old Americans at large and in the academicians of whatever derivation, the 

 relative value of the bizygomatic breadth is reduced. 



' See volume in question, pp. 224-226. 



