Academy of Sciences] 

 No. 3] 



MEASUREMENTS 



Table 43. — Summary of the main facial measurements, indices, and relations 



55 



Physiog- 

 nomic facial 

 height 

 (menton- 

 crinion) 



Anatomic 



facial 



height 



(menton- 



nasion) 



Members of the Acad- 

 emy: 



Old Americans 



(100).. .. 

 Not old Americans 



(50) 



Subjects to 60 years of 

 age: 



Old Americans 



(62) 



Not old Americans 



(22) 



Old Americans at large 

 (except the mount- 

 aineers) (594) 



1 18. 90 

 2 19. 



3 18. 81 



12.07 

 12.06 



12. 13 

 12.30 



12. 19 



Greatest 



facial 



breadth 



(diameter 



bizygomatic 



maximum) 



13.96 

 14.09 



13.91 

 14.08 



13.92 



Facial 

 index, 

 physiog- 

 nomic 



Facial 



index, 



anatomic 



Facial 

 height, 



anal'Unir 

 versus 

 stature 



1 74. 37 



2 73. 91 



3 74. 18 



6. 96 

 6.92 



6. 93 

 7.03 



6.99 



Facial 

 breadth 

 versus 

 stature 



Facial 



height, 



anatomic 



versus head 



length 



8.05 

 8. 10 



7. 95 

 8.04 



7.99 



60. 54 

 60.84 



60. 65 



61. 72 



61.69 



Facial 



breadth 



versus head 



breadth 



89. 17 

 88 95 



90. 10 



1 25 subjects. 



2 7 subjects. 



J 443 subjects. 



1 In the 247 laboratory subjects 86.08. 



The Academy members not old Americans have a slightly larger face, the members of old 

 American extraction a slightly smaller face, both absolutely and relatively to stature, than the 

 old Americans at large (exclusive of the mountaineers); and in both groups of the Academy, 

 though especially in the foreign-born or recent American, the head breadth relatively to face 

 breadth is larger than in the old Americans outside. In the academicians above 60 years of age 

 both heights of the face and hence both facial indices are affected somewhat through changes of 

 old age, while the face height-stature relations are marred by the reduction in the facial height 

 and the even more marked one in stature. 



LOWER FACIAL BREADTH 



This is the "bigonial" diameter, or the breadth between the points farthest apart on the ex- 

 ternal aspect of two angles of the lower jaw. The development and prominence of these angles 

 is directly connected with and due to the development of the masseter muscles, the chief muscles 

 of mastication, assisted more or less by the internal pterygoid muscles ; but the bigonial breadth 

 varies somewhat also in correlation with the breadth of the skull. 



By visual examination, the angles of the lower jaw in the members of the Academy were 

 found generally subdued and in no single case protruding. The measurements show as follows: 



167689°— 40- 



