58 OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS ACADEMY MEMBERS [MEMO ivo? A xxm: 



(Vol. XXin, 



Table 45. — Lower facial (bigonial) breadth in members of the Academy, old Americans at large, and German and 



French immigrants 



Subjects 



Stature 



Bigonial breadth 



Bigonial breadth, stature index 



Head breadth ' 



Bigonial breadth, head breadth index 



Members of the Academy 

 up to 60 years, inclusive 



Old Ameri- 

 cans 



60 

 175.0 

 10.58 

 6.04 

 15.66 

 67. 77 



Not old 

 Americans 



22 



175. 08 

 10.77 



6. 19 



» 15. 84 



68.01 



Old Ameri- 

 cans at large 

 (laboratory 

 series) 



247 



174. 44 



10. 63 



6. 09 



15. 48 



68. 67 



German 

 (urban) 



100 



170. 41 



10.61 



6. S3 



15. 89 



66. 77 



French (mainly rural) 



Series a 



50 



170. 01 



10. 74 



6.32 



15. 75 



68. 19 



Series b 



50 



167. 67 



10.81 



6. 45 



15. 67 



69.01 



' Contrast with the bizygomatic breadth would be of little if any use, the 2 dimensions being largely independent of each other. 

 1 100 subjects. 

 » 50 subjects. 



Both absolutely — though in this respect the difference is very slight — and in relation to 

 stature, the lower facial breadth is smallest in the old American members of the Academy. In 

 the not old American members the lower facial breadth appears rather large absolutely, but 

 relatively to their high stature it is moderate. The comparisons with head breadth present 

 more uniform ratios, due to the correlation of the two measurements, nevertheless the old 

 American academicians even here show a reduction in this dimension. 36 



The gist of all the above is that the two classes of the members of the Academy differ more 

 in respect to lower facial breadth than they do in any of the other dimensions of the face or 

 those of the head; and that the old American members both show absolutely, as well as rela- 

 tively to stature and to head breadth, the greatest reduction of the bigonial diameter of any of 

 the groups available for comparison. 



The Nose 



The nasal measurements are always of interest anthropologically; in addition the height 

 (length) of the nose subtracted from the anatomical height of the face separates the dental arches 

 and the lower jaw from the rest of the face, and thus affords a gage of their relative development. 



Nose Length 



The length of the nose in the living is measured from a point corresponding to the nasion 

 in the skull to the base of the nasal septum. 36 The measuremnet is close to and hence fairly 

 comparable with the nasal height on the skull. The data obtained on the members of the 

 Academy are of interest. 



» The marked differences between the German and French groups and the subdued showing of the former are due to the fact that the Germans 

 of the series belonged mainly to city, the French to country people. 



m More exactly, to the point at which the straight line of the septum meets, or would meet if there were no skin swell in the angle, the median 

 line from the upper lip. 



