310 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [Vol.xv, 



veniently. The 21 tests were intended as the raw material for such scales, which it was expected 

 would be developed as a result of Army use. That this expectation was not fulfilled was due to 

 the immediate necessity of securing results which could be interpreted in the light of generally 

 known standards. Such a standard was mental age and at first test scores which could not be 

 readily translated into terms of this concept were unsatisfactory both to the psychological 

 examiners and to the neuropsychiatric officers to whom cases were continually being referred. 

 There is no doubt that an admirable system of tests could be wrought out of the material which 

 the committee brought together. Five of the nonlanguage tests, in modified form, were later 

 included in the performance scale. The tests inserted especially for use with psychotics (orien- 

 tational information and the association test) were not employed to any considerable extent. 



Another of the original purposes of the methods of individual examination was early aban- 

 doned — namely, the special examination of those who had made very high scores in the group 

 test. The purposes of the individual examination were thus reduced to two — (1) the detection 

 of low-grade intelligence and (2) the more accurate grading of foreigners. 



One day had been devoted to methods of individual examination before the recess of June 

 10 to 24. The session following the recess extended only from June 25 to July 7. Only two weeks 

 were available in which to revise the group examination method, devise methods of individual 

 examination for various types of subjects, and prepare printer's copy for record blanks and 

 Examiner's Guide with full instructions for giving and scoring the tests. Haines was not present 

 after the recess and Whipple was compelled to leave July 2, while Bingham gave the larger part 

 of his time from July 2 to 7 to the preparation of printer's copy for record blanks. This left the 

 work of preparing the alternative series of items, the directions for procedure, and the copy for 

 the Examiner's Guide to Yerkes, Goddard, Wells, and Terman, aided by Melville. Fortunately 

 the important task of selecting the tests was carried out with all the members of the committee 

 present except Haines, who was unable to return after the recess, but sent in valuable data on the 

 group tests. Copy for the Examiner's Guide (a pamphlet of 76 pages) was completed and dis- 

 patched to the printer July 7. 



In six weeks the committee had accomplished the following results: 



L It had formulated a plan for the psychological examination of an entire army. So far 

 as the committee knew, no such wholesale application of psychological methods to military 

 problems had ever before been entertained. 



2. It had prepared an intelligence scale for group examining and had demonstrated its 

 validity by trial upon 400 subjects. This scale was all but immune from the personal equation of 

 the examiner and wholly free from the personal equation of the scorer. It made possible the ex- 

 amination of hundreds of men in a single day by a single psychologist. 



3. It had made the scale reasonably "coach-proof" by preparing 10 alternative forms which 

 were entirely nonduplicative in matter but psychologically identical and of approximately equal 

 difficulty. 



4. It had formulated methods of individual examination to be used with subjects for whom 

 the group method might be inadequate or inconclusive. The scheme of individual examination 

 included 21 ' tests, chiefly adapted from tests which had already proved their value as measures 

 of intelligence. The list of tests provided for four types of subject — illiterate or non-English 

 speaking, subnormal, psychotic, and supernormal. 



5. For all but six of the individual tests, five alternative series of items had been prepared 

 in order to reduce the danger of coaching. 



6. Copy for an Examiner's Guide had been made ready for the printer, and an edition of 

 5,000 copies of the revised group test was being printed for further trial and experimentation. 



7. The sum of $2,500 having been secured for a thorough trial of the methods with Army 

 subjects, the committee had formulated a plan for this experiment. The necessary arrangements 

 for this extensive trial were made by Bingham and Yerkes. 



1 Test F, subsequently added, increased the number to 22. 



