354 



MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 



[Vol. XV, 



and be modified so as to differentiate better in the upper grammar grades, it might be well 

 adapted to survey work with school systems. Even in its present form it is probably a fair 

 substitute for the vocabulary test of the individual scales, and it possesses the advantage of 

 applicability to groups. 



In the camps in 191S the test was not used for the reasons above stated — special papers 

 required, time required to distribute, inspect, collect, and score papers, match them with the 

 group examination papers, and lack of necessity for reporting a grade in literacy as separate 

 from intelligence. The examiners felt that the segregation problem reduced practically to one 

 of detecting as quickly and accurately as possible men who would not secure scores better than 

 D in examination alpha, without regard to whether such scores are due to lack of literacy or 

 to lack of intelligence. Such men they desired to segregate and send to the beta examination at 

 once, in order thus to avoid recalls. 



The process of segregation which came to be used in 1918 is similar to that used at Camp Lee 

 and Camp Taylor during the fall of 1917 and described in detail in chapter 13 of Part II. 

 It is sufficient to notice here that original groups were divided by requiring that all men who 

 could not read newspapers or write letters home should take the group examination for illiterates. 

 Varying according to the character of the men examined, the strength of the examining staff, 

 clerical force, and the like, certain other additional requirements might be enforced. Thus in 

 many camps there was an additional requirement of fourth, fifth, or sixth grade schooling, and 

 in the case of negroes sometimes as high as high-school literacy. In some camps, furthermore, 

 men might be sent from alpha to beta before they had completed the former, if an inspection of 

 the arithmetic test showed that fewer than eight of the problems in that test had been attempted 

 in the five minutes allowed. The actual basis of segregation adopted in the various camps, 

 together with the results of such segregation in terms of the percentage of men sent to the beta 

 examination, is given in table 41. From the standpoint of a comparison of groups in different 

 camps this lack of a uniform process of segregation is certainly unfortunate. On account of 

 the variable facilities for examining and the variable quality of the groups examined however, 

 it appeared entirely impossible to establish a standard uniform for all camps. 



Table 41. — Basis of segregation, 1918. 



Station. 



Literacy basis. 



Number 

 examined. 



Number 

 sent to 

 beta. 



Per cent 



beta. 



Per cent 

 Negro. 



Bowie 



Cody 



Custer 



Devens 



Dix 



Dodge 



Funston 



Gordon 



Grant 



Greene 



Greenlesf... 



Hancock 



Humphreys. 



Jackson 



Kearny 



Lee 



Lewis 



Logan 



Meade 



Pike 



Sevier 



Sheridan 



Sherman 



Taylor 



Travis 



Upton 



Wadsworth . . 

 Wheeler 



Total . 



Read and write, 1 finished fourth grade 



Fourth grade 



Read and write, Negroes, 5 years at school . 



Read and write 



Read easily, sixth grade 



Read and write, finished fourth grade 



Read and wri te 



Read and write rapidly, or seventh grade 



Read and write, four years at school 



Read and write, fourth grade, and 5 years in United States . 

 Read and write fairly, and reached sixth grade 



Read and write 



Read, write, and speak English, and over fifth grade. 



Read and write 



....do 



Reached fifth grade 



Read and write 



4 years at school (later 6 years at school) 



Read and write (later 6 years at school) 



Sixth grade, Negroes, finished sixth grade 



Read and write, Negroes, finished sixth grade 



Read and write 



Read newspapers 



Northern recruits, third grade, southern recruits, fourth grade. 

 Read and write, reached sixth grade (later seventh grade) 



27,464 

 43,482 

 54,354 

 50, 031 

 67, 768 

 69, 927 

 75,678 

 63, 648 

 83,229 

 27, 807 

 56,097 

 44,433 

 13,981 

 98,996 

 18,921 

 82,441 

 75,519 

 19,984 

 65, 700 

 75, 942 

 24, 139 

 55, 165 

 64, 408 

 53,336 

 77,555 

 61,559 

 67,704 

 32,988 



1,552,256 



5,497 



5,003 

 10,004 

 11,370 

 19, 768 

 22, 701 

 21,967 

 16,119 

 24,218 

 10,512 



9,992 

 12,714 



1,957 

 19, 587 



2,931 

 23, 104 

 10,209 



3,679 

 21,069 

 21,891 



6,567 

 11,985 

 26,938 

 10, 672 

 17, 403 

 14,486 

 13,442 

 10,411 



386, 196 



20.0 

 18.8 

 18.4 

 22.7 

 29.2 

 32.5 

 29.0 

 25.3 

 29. 1 

 37.8 

 17.8 

 28.6 

 14.0 

 19.8 

 15.5 

 28.0 

 13.5 

 18.4 

 32.1 

 28.8 

 27. 2 

 21." 7 

 41. S 

 20.0 

 22.4 

 23.5 

 19.9 

 31.6 



24.9 



10.7 



9.9 

 1.7 

 19.8 

 25.4 

 25.5 

 10.8 

 18.8 

 38.6 

 .8 

 5.1 



17.5 

 .005 



8.8 



2.2 

 .3 

 20.8 

 16.1 

 18.7 

 10.0 

 30.4 

 16.9 

 22.0 

 15.4 



6.0 

 10.9 



14.2 



'Read and write" means "ability to read and understand newspapers and write letters home.' 



