no. 2.] PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINING IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 369 



The following brief statements indicate the origin of each test: 



Test 1. Maze. — Proposed by C. R. Brown and tried out by him with success at Devens. 

 Present form devised by Brown, January, 1918. 



Test 2. Form recognition. — Proposed by Otis, and the items devised by him in January, 

 1918. This form of the test was original with Otis, though a different method of testing form 

 recognition had previously been used by Thorndike. 



Test 3. Number checking. — The test was proposed and the items arranged by E. S. Jones, 

 after Scott's test of accuracy, which, in turn, was borrowed from Thorndike. 



Test 4- Dot imitation. — This pencil and paper adaptation of the Knox cube test was 

 suggested by Kelley. In the form of a line of four dots it was tried at Lee and later at Dix. 

 The connecting lines made by examiners tended to blurring and confusion and prevented accurate 

 scoring. Otis suggested that all movements to the right be made above the line, and all move- 

 ments to the left below it, but the confusion persisted. Foster suggested the present arrange- 

 ment of two rows of three dots each. Wheeler arranged the specific items of the test. 



Test 5. Pictorial completion. — Test proposed and items devised by Kelley. Patterned 

 originally after the Binet mutilated pictures. Pintner was among the first to use this general 

 form of the test. Most of the items of this test, as used in the beta trial series, were unsat- 

 isfactory. 



Test 6. Cube analysis. — Originally suggested and items devised by Edwards at Camp Lee. 

 Improved and the present items arranged by Otis, January, 1918. It was thought that this 

 test would take the place of the usual form of test for arithmetical reasoning. 



Test 7. Line Comparison. — Proprosed by Brown and tried out bj r him at Devens. Items 

 arranged by Wheeler. Copied after the Huey-Yerkes letter-line test. 



Test 8. Picture sequence. — Proposed by Brown and tried out by him at Devens. Present 

 items arranged by Brown. The test is an adaptation of the sequential picture test used by 

 Decroly, 1 Miss Bowler, Whipple, and others. 



Test 9. Digit symbol used at Dix. — Present symbols devised and items arranged by Otis 

 in January, 1918. Modeled after the well-known substitution test, used in various forms by 

 Woodworth and Wells, 2 Whipple, 3 Mrs. Woolley, 4 Pyle, 5 Pintner, 6 and others. 



Test 10. Spot pattern. — Proposed by Foster. Patterns devised by Foster, Wheeler. 

 Brown, and Otis. Brown and Foster are responsible for introducing variation into the figures. 7 

 Considerably adapted from the spot pattern test described by Whipple. 8 



Test 11. Picture analogies. — Originated by Brown in an attempt to translate test 9 of 

 group examination a into terms suitable for illiterates. Items devised by Brown and tried 

 out by him with success at Devens. 



Test 12. Geometrical construction. — Otherwise designated as "form board representation.'' 

 Suggested first by Toll. Present general form suggested by Foster. Present items arranged 

 by Wheeler, January, 1918. Patterned after the various form board tests, and after the Yerkes 

 patience test for adults." 



Test 13. X-0 series (series completion). — Originated by Brown in an attempt to translate 

 test S of group examination a into terms suitable for illiterates. The test was tried by him 

 with success at Devens. An improvement in the original form of the test was suggested by 

 Foster. Present items were arranged by Brown. 



Test 14- Picture situation. — Proposed in somewhat different form by Edwards at Camp 

 Lee. Present modification suggested by Foster, and items devised by him. Patterned after 

 the Healy picture situation test. 



1 Decroly, O. Epreuve Nouvelle pour l'examen mental et son application aux enfants anonnaux. Annce Psychol., vol. 20, 1914, pp. 140-159. 



2 Op. cit.,pp. 53-55. 



8 Op. cit., pp. 502-503. 



* Woolley, H. T. and Fischer, C. R. Mental and Physical Measurements of Working Children. Psychol. Monog., vol. 18, No. 77, pp. 148-184. 



5 Loc. cit. 



« Pintner, R. and Paterson, D. G. A Scale of Performance Tests. 1917, pp. 63-65. 



7 It is a matter of interest that only a few minutes after this test had been suggested Ln the group at work in the Surgeon General's Office the 

 manuscript of a report was received from the psychological staff at camp Lee recommending the inclusion in the beta scale of practically the same 

 test (see test 13 of the Lee series). 



»Op. cit., pp. 290-296. 

 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, April, 1917. Vol. 176; pages 564-573. 



