no. 3.] PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINING IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 



707 



different grades of low-grade mentality is clearly indicated. Whether or not the larger per- 

 centage of negro failures is due in part to a constitutional difference in their mentality is quite 

 a different question, and one on which there is less agreement in camp reports. It will be 

 taken up below when camp studies of the "qualitative" aspect of the negro's mentality are 

 considered. 



We turn now to the consideration of the quantitative aspect of the negro's intelligence. 

 The chief mass of statistical data for a consideration of this question is, of course, the Hollerith 

 principal sample. The method used in selecting the cases for this piece of statistical work, has 

 been described in Part III, Chapter I, pages 573 to 657. The selection resulted in Groups IV 

 and V, which are described in section 2 of chapter 1 and analyzed in tables 4 and 5. It will 

 be seen there that Group IV is approximately a pro-rata selection by States, so that the entire 

 group is geographically representative of the country at large. Group V is an additional 

 group of northern negroes (Illinois, Indiana, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania), selected 

 in order, for purposes of comparison of northern and southern negroes, to increase the northern 

 group which on a pro-rata basis is small. 



The negroes of Group IV, chosen to represent the negro male population of the country, 

 when compared by percentage making a given letter grade with the total number of white 

 cases similarly distributed, show at once a striking inferiority in intelligence of the colored 

 recruits. The comparison is as follows: 



In this connection it is significant to compare the percentages of negroes and whites receiv- 

 ing their final intelligence rating on alpha, beta, and individual examinations, respectively. 

 The percentages are as follows : 



Race. 



Whites, Groups I, II, IV 



Negroes, Group IV 



Negroes, Group V 



Number of 

 cases. 



93,973 

 18,891 

 4,705 



71.8 

 30.1 

 58.2 



Beta (in- 

 cluding 

 alpha-beta). 



24.7 

 65. 6 

 39.4 



All individ- 

 uals. 



3.5 

 4.3 

 2.4 



Under alpha are included cases taking alpha only, under beta those taking beta only, and, 

 in addition, those recalled to beta because of low grade in alpha. The much larger percentage 

 of negroes taking beta is especially significant when it is considered that all the negroes are 

 native born, while a large percentage of the whites who go to beta do so because of foreign 

 birth and language difficulty. It will be observed that the negroes of Group V from the five 

 Northern States are about midway between the negroes of Group IV, represnting the whole 

 country, in the percentages of cases, receiving their final grade on alpha and beta respectively. 

 The relatively low percentage of individual examinations of negroes is due to camp procedure. 



It has already been mentioned that the standard procedure for the negroes was often modi- 

 fied to meet the unusual situation. In some camps the number of failures in the group tests 

 was so great that recalls were dispensed with altogether. Table 224 gives for Groups IV and V 

 combined the number of men taking the group examinations who should have been recalled 

 and who were not. The numbers in parentheses indicate the number of men who took alpha 

 only, beta only, alpha then beta, but no individual examination, the total number who were 

 given individual examinations, and the total number of men examined. The numbers not 

 in parentheses give the number of men taking a given examination or examinations who rated 

 D — , but were not recalled for further examination. The table of percentages gives the per- 



