738 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. rvouxv, 



The question of the manner in which the intelligence of the negro differs from that of the 

 white man is of much less immediate practical importance from the point of view of the military 

 organization than the question of the degree to which it differs. The amount of available data 

 bearing on the qualitative aspect of the negro's intelligence is correspondingly less full and 

 illuminating. The Hollerith principal sample offers no material for a consideration of this 

 question. The most complete camp studies which attack the problem of the differential analysis 

 of white and negro mentalities are those from Camps Sevier, Funston, and Dix. It has already 

 been noted that the Camp Sevier report considered the negro strong in the use of language and 

 that in this camp there was developed a method of giving beta with verbal instructions. 



In the Camp Sevier report (November 16, 1918) the comparison between negroes and 

 whites is made by taking "200 cases of negroes and 200 cases of whites: (1) Distributed within 

 the letter ratings in the same proportions as those ratings exist in the total negro draft, i. e., so 

 chosen as to have the same percentage of A's, B's, C's, etc., as in the total negro draft of 1,762 

 men; and (2) with each negro case paired off with a white making the same total score, i. e., 

 each negro total score of 8, 20, 40, etc., paired off with a white total score of 8, 20, 40, etc. 

 Thus this material compares equal amounts of negro and white intelligence typical of the total 

 amount of intelligence of the whole negro draft." This is done for alpha and beta. For com- 

 parison of results on the performance scale 82 cases of negroes are paired off with an equal 

 number of cases of whites of equal mental age, and for the point scale examination the results 

 of 188 cases of negroes and whites are similarly treated. The average score made by negroes 

 on the separate tests of the different examinations are compared with the average scores made 

 by the corresponding whites. The comparison is expressed in terms of the percentage of white 

 score made by negroes. The results are given in table 273, which gives opposite the name of 

 each test the percentage of white score made by the negroes. In the tests of alpha and beta 

 there are given also the percentage of white score made by Negroes of C and D grade separately. 

 C includes also C + and C — , and D includes also D — . Four A's and B's are included in the 

 entire group, but are not treated as a separate group. Taking the results at their face value, 

 the negroes excel the whites in the the synonym-antonym and range of information tests of 

 alpha; the picture completion test of beta; the free association test, using three words in one 

 sentence, definition of abstract terms, and analogies in the point scale examination; and in 

 the manikin and feature profile and designs from memory of the performance scale. They are 

 inferior to the whites in the arithmetic, judgment, and number series completion tests of alpha; 

 the cube analysis, X-0 series, number checking, and geometrical construction tests of beta ; the 

 repetition of sentences, designs from memory, and absurdities of the point scale examination, 

 and in the maze of the performance scale. The negroes are inferior in the memory for designs 

 in the point scale (test 16) and superior in the designs test of the performance scale (test 6). 

 The report suggests that the high score in the latter test is probably due to the fact that the 

 first designs, in which the negro makes his points, are simple, and there is a gradual transition 

 from simple to complex. The report takes the above results to indicate that the negro as 

 compared with the white man of equal intelligence is relatively strong in the use of language, 

 in acquaintance with verbal meanings, and in perception and observation; and that he is rela- 

 tively weak in judgment, in ability to analyze and define exactly, and in reasoning. 



Camp Funston (October, 1918) reports the results of the examination of 938 negro recruits 

 by the Stanford-Binet scale. Their mental age ratings range between 5 and 9 years, with con- 

 siderably over two-thirds the total number making either 6 or 7 years mentally. For com- 

 parative purposes the results of these examinations are presented together with those of 351 

 white recruits also tested by the Stanford-Binet scale at Camp Funston. The white recruits 

 rated between 6 and 10 years mentally, a large majority rating either 8 or 9 years. 



