no. 3.] PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINING IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 773 



The differences in intelligence between subgroups of different schooling are greatest in the 

 native-born white draft, where the range of intelligence is widest. They are least in the officer 

 and southern negro draft groups, where the range of intelligence is least; officers are already 

 highly selected on a basis in which intelligence plays an important part so that even the least 

 schooled group of officers is highly intelligent, while even the best educated southern negroes 

 are of relatively low intelligence. 



Tables 317 to 323 and figures 40 to 49 make comparisons between subgroups equally 

 schooled, taken from our original groups (officers, native-born and foreign white draft, and 

 northern and southern negroes) . The schooling groups used in this case were the fourth grade, 

 eighth grade, fourth year high school, and fourth year college groups. In tables 317 and 318 

 and figures 40 and 41 appear all the recruits who reported that they stopped school at grade four. 

 The grade standards, of course, are not identical all over the country, especially as between 

 schools for white and for negro children, so that "fourth grade schooling" doubtless varies in 

 meaning from group to group, but this variability certainly can not account for the clear intel- 

 ligence differences between groups. In the alpha curves for grade four, the most interesting 

 feature is that the foreign appears better than the native born draft, though the difference is 

 not great. This relation is easy to understand when it is considered that there may be greater 

 pressure to continue in school in native than in foreign communities in this country, and 

 sometimes better school opportunities; native-born children who drop out at this age are 

 likely to do so because of low intelligence, whereas the foreign-born children may more often 

 leave for other reasons. The parts of the two groups who took examination beta make very 

 similar scores. The extremely poor showing of the southern negroes is only the more striking 

 when it is recalled that this fourth grade group has more than the average schooling for southern 

 negroes. 



Table 317. — Per cent distribution of alpha scores of various groups, based on schooling level of fourth grade. 



