800 MEMOIRS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [vol.xv, 



Table 347. — Intelligence ratings of negroes tried by special and summary courts-martial; 484 cases from Camp Dix. 



Approximately the same state of affairs is shown by the study of 460 similar cases taken 

 in October and November. Here there is shown a slightly greater tendency for men of a higher 

 grade of intelligence to become offenders, but the percentage of E grades is still about 18, and 

 there are still 64.8 per cent of the men falling below the average. 



There are only a few cases included in the data from Camp McClellan, but the tendency 

 of these cases is unmistakable. Nearly 42 per cent of the offenders rated only E, and 92.3 

 per cent were below the average. 



The figures from Camp Cody seem to contradict the others, but this difference arises 

 because the number of cases here reported is only about 25 per cent of all those tried at the 

 camp; the other 75 per cent were disposed of before the psychological examining was estab- 

 lished there. Of approximately 250 men discharged for mental deficiency during the period 

 of these early trials the president of the disability board stated unofficially that "nearly all 

 of them were discharged because they could not keep themselves out of the guardhouse for 

 more than a week at a time." Had these men been retained in the service and confined, they 

 would apparently have composed about 30 per cent of the 850 (600 plus 250) court-martial 

 convictions of the camp. The figures, like those from Camps Dix and McClellan, would then 

 show that this group of mentally deficient men are two or three times more likely to get into 

 trouble than the men of higher mental ability. It is interesting to note that the men who 

 were acquitted rate considerably higher than the convicted men. 



Table 347 shows that of the 484 negro offenders whose records were obtained at Camp Dix 

 in October and November, 1918, 39 per cent rated only E. However, it must be noted that 

 31 per cent of the entire negro draft at this camp during July and August were not able to 

 make more than an E grade. The evidence in the case of the negroes, therefore, is not clear, 

 but it still indicates the same tendency in a lesser degree. 



The distribution of the grades received by the Leavenworth prisoners is shown in table 348. 

 When comparison is made with the figures obtained from the principal sampling concerning 

 the white draft, it will be seen that the Leavenworth prisoners form a group which is normal 

 or average. There is a slight tendency to higher ratings than those obtained by the white 

 draft, but it is probably not significant. This fact is rather striking in the face of the figures 

 dealing with the prisoners in the camps. In table 349 the two groups are compared, and the 

 superiority of the Leavenworth men is evident. The facts shown in table 349 are presented 

 diagrammatically in figure 54. It should be remembered that the prisoners at Leavenworth 

 were convicted on serious charges by general courts-martial, while those in the camp were 

 convicted on minor charges. It thus appears that low intelligence is a factor in less serious 

 delinquencies, but in the graver difficulties intelligence as measured by the Army tests seems 

 to play no part. 



Table 348. — Intelligence ratings of prisoners confined at United States disciplinary barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kans. 



