20 JOEL ASAPH ALLEN— CHAPMAN 



285. Primates Collected by The American Museum Congo Expedition. . Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVII, 

 Art. -4, pp. 283-499, pis. 79-167, text figs. 1-3, 1 map, Feb. 6, 1925. 



The specimens number 645, of which 66 represent the Lemuridae, 549 the Lasiopygidae, and 30 the Pongidae. Among' them are 28 forms 

 with one species new to science. There is one new genus, and one new generic name is proposed. A critical discussion of nomenclature, 

 and other remarks give the report an authoritative place among papers on this group. 



IV. ZOOGEOGRAPHY 



On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida .... and a Sketch of the Bird Faunae of Eastern North 

 America.<BufL Mus. Corny. Zool., II, No. 3, April, 1871, pp. 161-450. 



Part V. On the Geographical Distribution of the Birds of Eastern North America, with special reference to the Number and Cir- 

 cumscription of the Ornithological Faunae, pp. 375-425; List of Authorities, pp. 426-450. 



"In accordance with the facts stated above respecting the mode of the distribution of animals and plants over the earth's surface, and 

 the zoological and botanical laws of the differentiation and mutual relations of the different regions, the following primary natural history 

 divisions may be recognized: I, an Arctic Realm; l II, a North Temperate Realm; III, an American Tropical Realm; IV, an Indo- 

 African Tropical Realm; V, a South American Temperate Realm; VI, an African Temperate Realm; VII, an Antarctic Realm; VIII, an 

 Australian Realm" (p. 380). 



For eastern North America are recognized the following seven faunas: (1) Floridian, (2) Louisianian, (3) Carolinian, (4) Alleghanian, 

 (5) Canadian, (6) Hudsonian, (7) American Arctic. Their boundaries and their characteristic species of birds are given (pp. 387-404), 

 and they are further considered with reference to mammals and reptiles (pp. 404-406). 



The species of North American birds are considered and tabulated with reference to their geographical ranges (pp. 407-418). General 

 remarks on the distribution and nligration of the birds of the Eastern Province (pp. 418-425). A Bibliography of ornithological works and 

 papers, or "List of Authorities," relating to North America occupies pages 426-450, geographically arranged by States and countries 

 and numbering 340 titles — much the largest list of papers relating to North American ornithology that appeared prior to 1878. 



The Geographical Distribution of the Mammalia, considered in relation to the principal Ontological Regions of 

 the Earth, and the Laws that govern the Distribution of Animal Life.<BwH. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. 

 Terr., IV, No. 2, pp. 313-377, May 3, 1878. 



I. General considerations, with criticism of the life-regions proposed by Dr. P. L. Sclater and supported by Mr. Alfred R. Wallace, 

 pp. 313-329; II. Mammalian Regions of the Globe; pp. 329-373; III. General Summary, pp. 373-377. 



The primary divisions are essentially as laid down in 1871 (see above), except that a South African Temperate Realm is admitted, 

 and Madagascar is recognized as an additional Realm, designated as the Lemurian Realm. Under these are denned regions of secondary 

 and tertiary rank where such subdivisions seemed to be required. 



The Geographical Distribution of North American Mammals. <C.Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., IV, pp. 199-243, 

 pis. v-viii (colored maps), Dec. 29, 1892. 



Influences determining the Geographical Distribution of Life, pp. 199-203; Systematic Classification of Life Areas, pp. 203-206; Primary 

 Life Regions, pp. 206-207 (same as in No. 2 supra); North Temperate Realm, pp. 207-211; The Sclaterian System, pp. 211-212; The Mam- 

 mals of North America considered in relation to the North American Region and its Subdivisions, pp. 213-240; Tropical North America, 

 pp. 240-243; Tabular Synopsis, p. 243. 



The Geographical Origin and Distribution of North American Birds, considered in relation to Faunal Areas of 

 North America. <C.Auk, X, pp. 97-150, pis. iii, iv (colored maps), July, 1893. 



I. The Geographical Origin and Distribution of North American Birds, pp. 98-117; II. The Faunal Subdivisions of North America, 

 considered with reference to their Relationships, Classification, and Nomenclature, pp. 117-150 (tabular synopsis, p. 150). 

 The classification adopted is essentially the same as that recognized in 1892 (see supra, No. 5). 



V. EVOLUTION 



Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida, etc. <BuK. Mus. Corny. Zool., II, No. 3, pp. 161-450, April, 1871. 



Part III. On Individual and Geographical Variation among Birds, considered in respect to its bearing upon the Value of certain 

 assumed Specific Characters, pp. 186-250. 



Wide range of individual variation shown to occur in a considerable number of species, with extensive tables of measurements, pp. 

 186-226; correlation of variations in general size, size of bill, etc., and in coloration, with differences in climatic and geographic conditions, 

 pp. 229-242; species, varieties, and geographical races, pp. 242-250. A presentation of facts, without discussion of any theories of evolu- 

 tion, which appeared later. 



Geographical Variation in North American Birds.<Proc. Boston, Soc. Nat. Hist, XV, pp. 212-219, Dec, 1872. 

 A general resume of the author's studies of the subject, to that date. (Republished in Amer. Nat., VIII, pp. 534-541, Sept., 1874.) 



Geographical Variation among North American Mammals. <CBull. Geogr. and Geol. Surv. Terr., II, No. 4, July 1, 



1876, pp. 309-344. 



The correlation of size with geographical variation is formulated (p. 310) under the three propositions: 



" (1) Maximum physical development of the individual is attained where the conditions of environment are most favorable to the life 

 of the species . . . ." 



The influence of Physical Conditions in the Genesis of Species. ^Radical Review, I, No. 1, pp. 108-140, May, 



1877. (Republished by request, in the Ann. Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1905 (1906), 

 pp. 375-402.) 



"The doctrine of natural selection, or the survival of the fittest, has recently been brought forward as the key to this complex problem 

 and is upheld by a large class of enthusiastic adherents, who accept it as the full solution of the whole question. By others the conditions 

 of environment are believed to be far more influential in effecting a certain class of modifications, at least, than the necessarily precarious 

 influence of natural selection," etc. 



The direct modifying influence of environment as a factor in evolution is regarded as more potent than natural selection taken in the 

 narrow senso of the "survival of the fittest." 



Sexual Selection and the Nesting of Birds.<iAuk, II, pp. 129-139, April, 1885. 



In reference to Wallace's "Theory of Birds' Nests ' ' (Intellectual Observer, July, 1867), and Dixon's " On the Protective Colour of Eggs" 

 (in Seebohm's Hist. Brit. Birds, Introd., pp. x-xxxvii). 



