MEMOIRS OF TUb: NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 37 



of till" tulxMvles suporimpo-sLHi on the phyloyi'nctic cliiuacters of the Sphing-ida'." The style of 

 coloration, he says, is not sphinpfid but ceratooanipid. " Jhc lu'iid and cervical shield are con- 

 spicuously striped with black; tlie anal jjlates are red. with jilack borders; tlie body is green; the 

 spines black, with yellow bas(>s; the foot siiields black. A white or yellow bur extends between 

 the secoijd and third spines on the tirst to seventii abdominal segments." 



We would note the fact that Fawcett places this hawk moth in the subfamily Smerinthinie, 

 the most primitive group of the Sphingida-. The pupa has short maxilhe. and a large, short, 

 rounded cremaster. 



It is also interesting to note that the ariuature is very much like that so prevalent in the 

 South African subfamily Buna>ina\ represented by (iynanisa, Nudaurelia, Buna>a, etc., and that 

 the caudal horn is not like that of other Sphingida?, especially the Sniei'inthina\ in being thick, 

 fleshy, and tuberculated. and more or less flexible, hut is solid, stifl', chitinous, like the other 

 spines on the body. In this feature do we not see the ett'ects of the dry, peculiar climate of 

 Africa, where there are so many spiny plants and freest The spines may have arisen after the 

 ancestors of Lophostethus had established themselves on the African continent. It should be 

 borne in mind that the South American continent (Neogala) is apparently the center of origin of 

 the Sphingida?. The same or similar climatic conditions may have influenced the coloration of 

 this larva. 



The pupa. — When we compare the pupa of Paonim exciecattis $ with that of Eacles 

 hnperialis S there will be found to be no salient or diagnostic diflerences, such as we 

 would expect, to separate the pupa of two great families. The shape of the body is nearly 

 identical; the head of Paonias is slightly more conical in front, not so much rounded; but the 

 surface of the integument is covered with line spinules. The antennaj are the same in width and 

 in the raised joints and pectinations. The maxilhv are of the same shape and length, but wider 

 at base than in Eacles; the eyes, epicranium, and ciypeus are the same, their surfaces similarly 

 though less rugose, but without any specialized spines. There are in either form no traces of 

 primitive characters such as occur in the more primitive lepidopterous families. 



The cremaster in Paonias is large and ends in an undivided spine, not forked as in Eacles 

 and other ceratocampid pupie, with the exception of Citlu^^'onia regalis, in which it is vestigial, 

 and shows signs of an original division. Also the segments of the abdomen are smooth, aiid 

 segments IX and X are complete in Paonias, the sutures not interrupted and obsolete between the 

 scar of the genital opening and that of the vent. This may prove to be a family or diagnostic 

 character. (PI. LVI, fig. Sa.) 



It is to be observed, then, that the pup» of the Smerinthina? are generalized, and in their 

 head-characters, those which are most fundamental, agree with those of the Ceratocampidte, 

 while in the more variable shape of the terminal abdominal segments and the cremaster there is 

 a departure from the ceratocampid shape. 



As we ascend the sphingid series and reach Phlegethontifus with its enormous tongue case, 

 forming a partly free structure, we have a feature peculiar to the Sphingida?, but as is well 

 known the maxilla?, even in the more specialized SphingidR\ are exposed to great vaiiation, and 

 they ma}' be in the pupa buried between the fore legs on the l)reast, or if large, form a salient 

 prolongation of the front of the head, as in Cha?rocampa. 



As regards the habits of the pupa the Sphingidw have retained the subterranean mode of 

 life of their ceratocampid ancestors, in no case known to us spinning a cocoon or lining their 

 subterranean quarters with silk, unless in sporadic cases a few silk threads are spun. 



The uiiaqo. — There are in Sphingidie eleven veins in the fore wings and nine in the hind 

 wings. The most striking and diagnostic character separating the two groups of Sphingida and 

 Ceratocampida? is the presence in the former group of radius 2 (III,), which arises within the 

 middle of the wing before the end of the discal cell. By the addition of this vein the wing is 

 greatly strengthened on the costal border, which receives the force of the blow during the move- 

 ments of the wings in flight. This vein is absent in all the genera of Ceratocampinaj, but it is 

 generallv present in the subfamily of Bunaina?. where, however, it is a very short, weak vein 

 developed near the apex of the wing. It is absent in XudnunUu cytlit-n-a and vestigial in Salassa, 



