33° UNGULATA 



of the hair on the face, agrees with the next one in having simple 

 spike-like antlers. 



The South American Coassine group comprises the small forms 

 known as Brockets, in which the antlers form simple spikes not 

 exceeding half the length of the head. Some six species are known. 



Remains of Cariacus, mostly or entirely referable to existing 

 species, are of common occurrence in the Brazilian cave-deposits. 

 Blastomeryx, of the Pliocene of North America, is believed to be an 

 allied type. 



Puclua. 1 — Antlers in the form of minute simple spikes. 

 Distinguished from the Coassine group of Cariacus by the articulation 

 of the premaxillse with the nasals (as in the Furciferine group), 

 and the coalescence of the ectocuneiform with the naviculo-cuboid. 

 as well as by various external characters. No upper canines. Re- 

 presented only by the very small P. humilis of the Chilian Andes. 



Extinct Genera. — In the European and other Tertiary deposits 

 several genera of extinct Cervidce occur, of which the more important 

 may be briefly mentioned. Amphitragulus, of the Lower Miocene 

 of the Continent, has four lower premolars, brachydont molars, and 

 no antlers ; the largest species being somewhat bigger than the 

 Musk-Deer. The closely allied Palceomeryx (Dremotherium or Micro- 

 meryx) generally has but three lower premolars, and the brachydont 

 upper molars (Fig. 122), like those of Amphitragulus, w r ant the small 

 accessory inner column 2 found in modern Deer. In P. feignouxi, of 

 the Lower Miocene, the lateral metacarpals, although slender, were 

 complete, and the males had large canines, but no antlers. 

 P. furcatus, of the Middle Miocene, had small antlers, and the canines 

 appear to have been reduced in size. This genus, besides being repre- 

 sented in the European Miocene, also occurs in the Pliocene of India 

 and China ; some of the species being as large as the Red Deer. 



Family Giraffid.e. 



In the existing genus the frontal appendages consist of a pair 

 of short, erect, permanent bony processes placed over the union of 

 the frontal and the parietal bones, ossified from distinct centres, 

 though afterwards ankylosed to the skull, covered externally with 

 a hairy skin, present in both sexes, and even in the new-born animal. 

 Anterior to these is a median protuberance on the frontal and 

 contiguous parts of the nasal bones, which increases A\dth age, and 

 is sometimes spoken of as a third horn. Skull with a lachrymal 

 vacuity. No upper canines. Molars brachydont, with rugose 



1 Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 242. 



2 This accessory column is shown in the figure of the molar of Boselaphvs on 

 p. 311. 



