398 UNGULATA 



above downwards, extending backwards from the root of the tongue 

 along the side of the fauces, with openings on the surface leading 

 into crypts -with glandular walls, represents the tonsil. The tongue, 

 corresponding to the general form of the mouth, is long and narrow. 

 It consists of a compressed intermolar portion with a flat upper 

 surface, broad behind and becoming narrower in front ; and of a 

 depressed anterior part rather shorter than the former, which 

 is narrow behind but widens towards the evenly rounded apex. 

 The dorsal surface generally is very soft and smooth. There are 

 two large circumvallate papillae near the base, rather irregular in 

 form, about a quarter of an inch in diameter and half an inch apart. 

 The conical papillae are very small and close set, though longer and 

 more filamentous on the intermolar portion. There are no fungi- 

 form papillae on the dorsum, but a few not very conspicuous ones 

 scattered along the sides of the organ. 



Of the salivary glands the parotid is by far the largest; elongated 

 in the vertical direction, and narrower in the middle than at either 

 upper or lower extremity. Its upper extremity embraces the lower 

 surface of the cartilaginous ear-conch ; its lower end reaches the 

 level of the inferior margin of the mandible, along the posterior 

 margin of which it is placed. Its duct leaves the inferior anterior 

 angle, at first descends a little, and runs forward under cover of 

 the rounded inferior border of the mandibular ramus, then curves 

 up along the anterior margin of the masseter muscle, becoming- 

 superficial, pierces the buccinator, and enters the mouth by a simple 

 aperture opposite the middle of the crown of the third premolar 

 tooth. It is not quite so thick as a goose-quill when distended, and 

 nearly a foot in length. 



The submaxillary gland is of very similar texture to the last, 

 but much smaller ; it is placed deeper, and lies with its main axis 

 horizontal. It is elongated and slender, and flattened from within 

 outwards. Its posterior end rests against the anterior surface of 

 the transverse process of the atlas, from which it extends forwards 

 and downwards, slightly curved, to beneath the ramus of the jaw. 

 The duct which runs along its upper and internal border passes 

 forwards in the usual course, lying in the inner side of the sublingual 

 gland, to open on the outer surface of a distinct papilla, situated 

 on the floor of the mouth, half an inch from the middle line, and 

 midway between the lower incisor teeth and the attachment of the 

 fraenum linguae. The sublingual is represented by a mass of glands 

 lying just beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth 

 on the side of the tongue, causing a distinct ridge, extending from 

 the fraenum backwards, and the numerous ducts opening separately 

 along the summit of the ridge. The buccal glands are arranged 

 in two rows parallel with the molar teeth. The upper ones 

 are the largest, and are continuous anteriorly with the labial 



