648 



CHIROPTERA 



absent, and the caudate is generally very large ; but in the Micro- 

 chiroptera, on the other hand, the Spigelian lobe is very large, while 

 the caudate is small, in most species forming a ridge only. The 

 gall-bladder is generally well developed and attached to the right 

 central lobe, except in the Rhinolophidce, where it is connected with 

 the left central. 



In most species the hyoids are simple, consisting of a chain of 

 slender, elongated, cylindrical bones connecting the small basi-hyoid 

 with the cranium, while the pharynx is short, the larynx shallow 



with feebly de- 



veloped 

 cords, 

 guarded 



vocal 

 and 

 by a 

 short, acutely- 

 pointed epiglot- 

 tis, which in 

 some genera 

 (Harpyia, Vnni- 

 pyrus) is almost 

 obsolete. In 

 Epomophorus, 

 .however, we 

 find a remark- 

 able departure 

 from the general 

 type. Thus 

 the pharynx is 

 long and very 

 capacious ; the 

 aperture of the 

 larynx is far re- 

 moved from 

 the fauces, and, 

 opposite to it, 

 opens a canal, 

 from the narial chambers, and extending along the back 

 of the pharynx ; the laryngeal cavity is spacious and its walls are 

 ossified ; the hyoid bone is quite unconnected, except by muscle, 

 with the cranium ; the ceratohyals and epihyals are cartilaginous 

 and greatly expanded, entering into the formation of the walls of 

 the pharynx, and in the males of three species at least, supporting 

 the orifices of a large pair of air -sacs communicating with the 

 pharynx (Fig. 299). 



In extent, peculiar modifications, and sensitiveness the cutaneous 

 system reaches its highest development in this order. As a sensory 

 organ its chief modifications in connection with the external ear 



— S.171' 



Fig. 299. — Head and neck of Epomophorus franqueti (adult male, 

 natural size). The anterior (a.'jrfi.s) and posterior (p.pih.s) pharyngeal 

 sacs are opened from without, the dotted lines indicating the points 

 where they communicate with the pharynx ; s, thin membranous septum 

 in middle line between the anterior pharyngeal sacs of opposite sides ; 

 s.m., stemo-mastoid muscle separating the anterior from the posterior 

 sac. (Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18S1.) 



leading 



