HOMINIDjE 739 



approximates to that of Man, in which the symphysis is still further 

 shortened and widened, and the anterior convergence of the cheek- 

 teeth so much increased as to produce a horse-shoe-like form in the 

 Avhole dental series. 



Family Hominid.^. 



In the Systema Natures of Linnaeus Man was separated only 

 generically from the Apes, but in the next great work which exer- 

 cised a wide-spread influence over the progress of zoological science, 

 the Bkgne Animal of Cuvier, he forms a distinct order under the 

 name of Bimana, the Monkeys and Lemurs being associated together 

 as Quadrumana. This has been the prevailing arrangement in the 

 zoological systems of the present century, though in the classifica- 

 tion of Owen his position is still farther removed from that of the 

 Monkeys, as in it the genus Homo forms one of the four primary 

 divisions or subclasses of the Mammalia, called Archencephala, the 

 Quadrumana being united with the Carnivora, Ungulata, and others 

 in another division called Gyrencephala. On the other hand, the 

 tendency of most modern systematists, for reasons which have been 

 fully stated by Professor Huxley, 1 is to revert towards the Linnsean 

 position. 



Considering solely the facts of Man's bodily structure, it can be 

 clearly demonstrated that the points in which he differs from the 

 Ape most nearly resembling him are not of greater importance than 

 those by which that Ape differs from other universally acknowledged 

 members of the group ; and therefore, in any natural system, if 

 Man is to be made a subject of zoological classification upon the 

 same principles as those applied elsewhere, he must be included in 

 the order which comprises the Monkeys. We say upon the same 

 principles as are applied elsewhere, since zoological classification has 

 never taken into consideration the psychological characteristics 

 which distinguish the subjects of its investigations, but only their 

 tangible and physical structure, otherwise endless confusion would 

 result, at all events with our very imperfect knowledge of animal 

 psychology. The essential attributes which distinguish Man, and 

 give him a perfectly isolated position among living creatures, are 

 not to be found in his bodily structure, and should therefore either 

 be left entirely out of consideration, or have such weight given to 

 them as would remove him completely out of the region of zoological 

 classification. To profess to classify Man as if he Avere one of the 

 animals (as in all points of the stmcture and functions of his organs 

 he undoubtedly is), to place him in the class Mammalia, and then 



1 Man's Place in Nature, 1863, and. Anatomy of Vertcbrated Animals, 1871. 

 See also the more recent investigations of Broca into the comparative structure 

 of Man and the higher Apes, published mostly in the Revue d' 'Anthropologic. 



