SIMILAR BEHAVIOR IN COW AND MAN 337 



trip, I remembered the reaction of the first. Theoretically, the 

 first reaction and the whole first trip must have persisted and 

 modified the behavior on the second journey. For example, I 

 could recall a slight, but noticeable increase in the speed of my 

 movements as I placed the forgotten papers with the others, — 

 placing these papers on my colleague's desk would close my 

 work at the office for the evening. We may then postulate two 

 new factors in the conditions of the second trip; on the evidence 

 of recall, there was the perseverative influence of the first reac- 

 tion; and there is distinct introspective evidence of a slight 

 annoyance over the necessity of repeating the process. 



Looking back over the few moments involved, I can find no 

 form of evidence for believing that I was aware of going toward 

 the lighted area. The instinctive or habitual behavior and the 

 conscious processes seem ideally teased apart in the incident. 

 The details of my thoughts were about the contents of the papers 

 and my trip homeward; and I am unable to connect any portion 

 of the mental process with the change in behavior that led away 

 from the door on both return trips, and announced itself so 

 vividly on the second. On the other hand, the mental processes 

 connected with the behavior during the emotional excitement 

 that followed the second reaction are clear. The kinaesthetic 

 wave that localized itself in the muscles of the neck, shoulders, 

 chest, and upper arms was distinctly noted at the time. Detailed 

 thoughts about the lighted area, the relation of pathway to 

 desk and door, astonishment at the sudden movements made, 

 and a diffused intellectual excitement accompanied the later 

 wavering behavior above described. 



We cannot omit to recall in this connection, Professor Dewey's 

 suggestions concerning a theory of emotions. Although the total 

 equilibrium is not laid bare, nevertheless, the only ground for 

 astonishment and excitement seems to rest in the sudden break- 

 ing of the steady progress toward the lighted area on the wall 

 by the energetic jerk of the head backward. " What to do 

 about it " is thrust forcibly into the foreground of consciousness. 

 Briefly, we see that objectively the reactions of the cow and of 

 the human are describable in the same terms. In the latter 

 no preliminary conscious process is discovered to explain either 

 the reaction to light or the withdrawal reaction. The conflict 

 between the positive reaction to light and the avoidance reaction 

 are the immediate precursors of a definite emotional state. 



