LITERATURE FOR 1916 ON THE BEHAVIOR 

 OF VERTEBRATES 



STELLA B. VINCENT 



Chicago Normal College 



SOUND 



Mammals. — -The animal literature this year reflects the popu- 

 lar interest in other psychological fields in that the papers are 

 chiefly devoted to the learning process. There are only two 

 articles to report on sound. One is a timely article by Reuter 

 (22a) which discusses the effect of heavy firing upon animals. 

 He says: " Soon after the beginning cf hostilities game began 

 to migrate into Luxemburg, Switzerland, and those parts of 

 France and Belgium which were distant from the warfare. The 

 first to go were the wild boar, badger and bear, followed by 

 the roebuck and red deer. The hare, noted for its timidity, 

 continued in its old territory. The larger birds, grouse, pheasant, 

 sea-eagle and wild duck were driven away, but the song birds 

 continued to build their nests and sing as usual. The house dog 

 seems more resistant to the noise of detonation than do other 

 dogs. But the thoroughbred and half bred horse is more sensi- 

 tive than the common horse and the celebrated Russian horses 

 than the German war horses, drawn from all sources, which 

 quickly become inured to the noise of battle." 



Peterson (21a) suggests that if Hunter's results prove to be 

 correct, if the white rat is deaf to tones and not to noise, the 

 animal should furnish us with valuable data toward settling the 

 question as to how the ear analyzes the complex vibrations 

 of the air waves. For there must be some anatomical condition 

 which is responsible for the lack of sympathetic resonance in the 

 cochlea of the white rat. 



CUTANEOUS SENSITIVITY 



Fishes and Amphibians. — The existence of a common chemical 

 sense is still a subject for discussion. Crozk r (7) argues for 

 such existence as against Coghill, who thought that the reac- 



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