LITERATURE FOR 1916 ON THE BEHAVIOR OF VERTEBRATES 439 



Goodale (10) gave some young chicks to different capons who 

 brooded them as hens would have done. There were slight 

 differences in behavior but he says that, although the tests are 

 not extensive, it would appear possible that the brooding instincts 

 of the capon are not necessarily a female character. 



Mammals. — The setting reactions of bird dogs to turtles is 

 described by Bingham (2). Montane (18) tells of the instinc- 

 tive reproductive behavior of an adult chimpanzee from Sierra 

 Leone. The account is extended until after the birth of the 

 young monkey. It is difficult to know whether articles on hiber- 

 nation should be listed in this place or not. However, Rasmus- 

 sen (22) has given a brief and valuable summary of the theories 

 of this phenomenon and the paper includes a bibliography of 

 83 titles. 



THE LEARNING PROCESS 



Mammals. — Hamilton's laboratory in California probably 

 offers the best facilities available for the study of monkeys in 

 this country. In a Behavior Monograph, Yerkes (30) presents 

 the results of his six months' work at this place. He used his 

 multiple choice method, which has previously been described 

 in this journal, with a cynomolgos, a rhesus and an orang-utan. 

 It will be remembered that of nine entrance boxes, with from 

 three to nine doors open in a prearranged order, the animals, in 

 successive problems, were to choose the first door at the left, 

 the second from the right, alternately the first door at the left 

 and the second from the right, the middle door, etc. 



The cynomolgos finished two problems, taking over 1000 trials 

 for the second ; the rhesus finished three and worked over a month 

 on the fourth; and the orang finished the first but failed to solve 

 the second in 1300 trials. Some supplementary tests were 

 given and many interesting observations recorded. Professor 

 Yerkes is disposed to insist, unduly it seems to the reviewer 

 upon the basis of his experimental evidence, on ideational be- 

 havior — ideational control. He says: " Especially noteworthy, 

 as evidences of ideation, in the results yielded by the multiple, 

 choice method are (1) the use by the orang-utan of several different 

 methods in connection with each problem; (2) the suddenness 

 of transition from method to method; (3) the final and perfect 

 solution of problem 1 (by orang-utan) without diminution of 



