THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 199 



primitive inhabitants, and in North-east and North Africa in 

 the Nubians, Berbers, and the ancient Egyptians. 



The Mongoloid race seems to occur in its purest state in 

 Central and Northern Asia, and its features are : yellowish 

 colour, long black straight hair, high cheek-bones, short nose, 

 and, especially, slanting eye-apertures. The allied races are 

 of immense extent, and the features in many considerably 

 modified either by variation or inter-crossing. The skulls in 

 some of these are extremely dolichocephalic. In Asia the 

 Mongoloid type is extended by the Japanese, Chinese, Siamese ; 

 in Europe its invasions are represented by the Turks, Finns, 

 Lapps, and Hungarians. The Malay race seems to be a branch 

 of the Mongoloid and extends over Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and 

 can be traced to New Zealand, and throughout Micronesia and 

 Polynesia. It is supposed that the Maoris and the islanders of 

 the Pacific, differing considerably from each other in characters, 

 have arisen chiefly from crossing between a race allied to the 

 Malays and the darker Melanesians. The inhabitants of the 

 whole of America, north and south, seem to belong to one 

 main type supposed to have been derived from the Mongolian. 

 The uniformity of the American Indians, as compared with the 

 diversity of types in the old world, is one of the most striking 

 facts in anthropology, and is most probably explained by the 

 view that America was populated from a single race, the 

 Mongolian, from Asia, within a period so comparatively recent 

 that no great divergence has been developed. Lastly we have 

 the white men whose home is chiefly in Europe, and who include 

 a great variety of subordinate types. 



The type with blonde hair and blue eyes is found chiefly in 

 the north — e.g. in Scandinavia and North Germany — but repre- 

 sentatives of it are found in North Africa and in Western Asia. 

 There can be little doubt that this is a pure type ; but Huxley 

 suggests that the Melanochroi originated from the mixture of 

 the Xanthochroi and Australoids of India and North Africa. 



I can only attempt to offer a few suggestions on the 

 characters which distinguish the races thus rapidly surveyed. 

 Mendelians will assume that they are all simply mutations, but 

 this does not seem to me to be a reasonable conclusion. Some 

 of them, as in other groups of animals, are differences of degree 

 in those adaptive characters which distinguish man from the 

 apes — for example, prognathism and the size of the cranium and 



