332 SCIENCE PROGRESS 



New Zealand differs from Australia and Tasmania, inasmuch 

 as many great glaciers still move down the valleys of its lofty 

 mountains, the Southern Alps, and reach in some cases to 

 within 610 ft. of the existing sea ; but it presents similar evidence 

 of an ancient extension of the ice, and of a lowering of the snow- 

 line by some 3,000 or 4,000 ft. 



After a careful consideration of all the facts, Penck concludes 

 that the descent of the snow-line during the glacial epoch was 

 approximately the same in both hemispheres, i.e. between 3,000 

 and 4,000 ft. 1 



So far no indications of a Pleistocene glaciation have been 

 observed in South Africa, but the southernmost extremity of the 

 Cape lies north of Mount Kosciusko, the most northerly point 

 in Australia at which glacial markings have been recognised, so 

 that this perhaps is only what might have been expected ; but 

 in South America, which extends farther towards the pole, they 

 are once more manifest ; boulder clay and erratic blocks are 

 widely distributed over the plains of Tierra del Fuego and 

 South Patagonia. After a survey of the evidence Moreno 

 remarks : " In Patagonia an immense ice-sheet extended to the 

 present Atlantic coast, and farther east, during the first ice 

 period ; while, during the second, terminal moraines have 

 been generally left as far as thirty miles north and fifty miles 

 south to the east of the present crest of the Cordillera." 2 And 

 Steinmann, in describing his observations, remarks : "Where the 

 ice extended over the plain in a great mer de glace, as near the 

 Strait of Magellan, the glacial formations correspond with those 

 of North Germany or the lake region of North America. Where 

 it flowed through deep valleys into the sea, as in the Patagonian 

 archipelago, it repeats the fjord landscape of Norway or 

 Alaska. In the well-watered parts of the Cordillera of Central 

 Patagonia and South Chili, marginal lakes occur, with the same 

 characters as those of the Swiss Alps, bordered by terminal 

 moraines of no great height." 3 



If the temperate regions of both hemispheres experienced a 

 lowering of temperature at all approaching 5°C. the tropics 



1 Penck, "Die Eiszeit Australiens," Zeits. d. Ges. f. E?-dk. z. Berlin, 1900, 

 vol. xxxv. pp. 239-86, map. 



2 F. P. Moreno, Geogr. Journ. 1899, vol. xiv. pp. 241-69 and 353-78. 



3 Steinmann, " Ueber Diluvium in Siid-America," Monatsb. d. Deutsch. Geo/. 

 Ges. 1906, No. 7, p. 6 sep. copy. 



