342 SCIENCE PROGRESS 



On the south flank of the Kenengs, a range of low hills 

 which traverse the eastern extremity of Java, lies a gently 

 undulating series of freshwater and volcanic deposits, formed 

 of consolidated clay, sand, and volcanic lapilli, altogether con- 

 siderably over 1,000 feet in thickness. They rest on a marine 

 bed of coral limestone about 7 ft. thick, and below this is a bed 

 of clay containing marine shells, all of which are preserved with 

 their valves closed, a sign of sudden death, resulting probably 

 from a volcanic eruption. Such an eruption might have 

 heralded the birth of Lavu-Kukusan, a great twin volcano, 

 more than 10,000 feet in height, and not yet completely extinct, 

 which rises, south of the Kenengs, out of the gently undulating 

 freshwater series. 



The river Bengawan, which flows round a great part of the 

 volcano, has cut its way down into the freshwater deposits to a 

 depth of 50 ft., exposing a fine section just at the point where the 

 river touches the Keneng hills, near the village of Trinil. A bed 

 of lapilli at the base is especially rich in Mammalian remains. 

 Vast quantities of bones have been exhumed, affording us, now 

 that their affinities have been determined (E. Dubois, loc. cit), 

 a vivid picture of the life of the time. Various kinds of deer are 

 richly represented: they include the " Sambar," still living in 

 India, the " Kidang," still living in Java, and a new species, 

 Cervus lyrioceros. There is also an antelope, Tetraceros Kroesenii, 

 allied to an existing Indian form. Next come buffaloes (two 

 species), rhinoceros (two species), a tapir, similar to a living 

 Sumatran form, pigs (two species), hippopotamus, the extinct 

 Stegodon, and a true elephant. 



Among the Carnivora, the most interesting species is Felis 

 Groeneveldtii, said to combine in itself the characters of the lion 

 and the tiger. 



There were monkeys, such as Semnopithecus and Macacus. 



The Edentata were represented by a large Pangolin, which 

 attained a length of 8 ft. 



In addition to the Mammalia, some birds have been found, 

 such as parrots and marabouts ; reptiles also, crocodiles, gavials, 

 and freshwater tortoises ; a number of freshwater fish, all 

 belonging to existing species ; and a shark, Carcharias gan- 

 gcticits, which points to the proximity of the sea. 



Amidst these remains, Dr. Eugene Dubois, who had left 

 Holland for Java with the avowed intention of finding the 



